In the current study, a recorded significant decrease in the electrolyte level ( Na , K, ca and cl) among infected lambs as compared to the non infected ones. In this respect Barkas et al. (2013) attested that the mucosal inflammation of the intestine and the consequential impairment in electrolytes secretion and absorption often lead to acid, base and electrolyte imbalance which may cause diverse complications in body. So, the recorded change in the electrolyte balance could be attributed to the intestinal inflammation produced due to the activity Giardia trophozoites, and this may also interpret the recorded cases of diarrhea which were noticed during the experiment. This aforesaid results came in agreement with other reports …show more content…
In our opinion, this elevation may be created as a result of the increase of nitrogen metabolism in Giardia infection. The high level of MDA among infected lambs is an indication of the oxidative stress produced in the infected tissues (Kılıç 2003) due to Giardia. The decreased activity of the defense mechanism for protecting the tissues from the damage produced by the free radicals might be one of the reasons of elevation the level of MDA among infected lambs (references).
As regard, the significant decrease in the level of serum Nitric Oxide among infected lambs was consistent with other report (Ragbetli.,2014). Nitric oxide formation has been encountered in many parasitic infections including Giardia (Fernandes and Assreuy, 1997; Bayraktar., 2005). It is considered as only part of an immunopathological series against infection (Nahrevanian, 2009). The low NO level may be credited to the release of arginine deiminase by Giardia trophozoites which consumes all the local arginine ( precursor of nitric acid formation). Moreover, flavohemoglobins released by Giardia decrease the levels of NO (Imran 2013).
The malnutrition effect of Gaardia among infected lambs was associated with a low AP level. Since, the hepatobiliary integrity is measured by the serum AP (Brash et al. 2009), so this low level of AP accuses the indirect negative effect of Gaardia on liver tissues and bile duct
Some of the most emerging and re-emerging agents of the waterborne diseases are; Cholera which is caused by the ingestion of water that is infected by Vibrio Cholerae. This is a painless form of diarrhea characterized by watery stool. Dysentery which is caused by Escherichia Coli. Typhoid that is caused by Salmonella typhi which is usually accompanied by fever is yet another disease. Gastroenteritis diseases caused by Giardia and Cryptosporodia and some species of hepatitis are also known to be caused by water (CDC, 2011). These disease causing agents find their way into the human body through infected water that people from the poorer communities in Uganda use and have no option of cleaner water.
Using the information found in the Gram Negative Enteric Baccilli and Gram Positive Cocci Reference books,
Today in medicine doctors are rapidly isolating and distinguishing the many pathogenic microbes encountered daily within the environment. Public health has been affected from the faster identification of microorganisms by delivering an accurate analysis to patients in order to receive treatment of the disease in a timely manner. Due to the growing understanding of these organisms more have been easier to indicate to improve water quality. Also more methods have been developed for better treatment options from fecal bacteria in public water systems. Scientist has developed such specific methods of identifying the unknown organism to tell if the contamination has come from either a human, bird, or mammal. (Achtman et al., 2008)
The IMViC test is a series of different tests that differentiate between enterics. One is the Indole test. This test tells whether the bacterium possesses tryptophanase which is the enzyme that breaks down tryptophan into indole. The agar contains tryptic soy broth so if the bacterium contains tryptophanase, indole is produced. This production of indole is seen by adding Kovac’s reagent which causes a red ring to be seen at the top of the tube. The citrate test is also used to see which kind of products the bacteria make. It uses a green agar slant that contains sodium and ammonium phosphate. Bromythymol blue dye is late added as an indicator. Inoculation of the slant with a needle using a zig-zag then stab technique was used with the gram positive bacterium. Conversion of the medium to blue is a positive citrate result. All plates, slants, and broths were incubated at 37°C for 24‐48 hours.
Fecal-related communicable diseases include cholera, typhoid, dysentery (including Shigellosis), diarrhoea, hookworm, schistosomiasis, filariasis and especially epidemics such as cholera (Ziraba, Haregu, & Mberu, 2016). These fecal matters at fresh state as well as state of decomposition are releasing a
In this experiment, both Coproantigen ELISA and Serology indirect ELISA were carried out on samples from a farmer which suspected his herds are suffering from Fasciola hepatica infection. The aim of this experiment is to find out if the samples are positive for Fasciola hepatica infection and discuss the difference between two tests.
In order to test the rate of phagocytosis in tetrahymena, the tetrahymena need to ingest particles that are visible under a light microscope. The substance used in this experiment was India ink. India ink is deep black colored ink containing dispersed carbon particles. The trethymena treat the India ink as if it were food and ingest it. There were three concentrations of India ink that were fed to the eukaryotes The percent’s that were used are: 1%, 5% and 10% of India ink. After certain time intervals, the tetrahymena were fixed with a compound called 3% paraformaldehyde (PFA).On the first day six different mixtures of tetrahymena and ink concentrations were made to test which conditions would express the best rate of phagocytosis. The well fed tetrahymena were fed with 1% India ink, the another group was fed 5% India ink, the last group was fed 10% India ink. Then the starved tetrahymena were fed in the same manner as the well-fed tetrahymena. After adding the ink to the microcentrifuge, we prepared a slide for each mixture at the following time intervals 2 minutes, 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 20
A 20-year old male presented to the hospital with: nausea; diarrhoea and fever. Upon examination he had abdominal pain and a tender liver. The patient admitted to eating wild mushrooms, of which he had collected himself, the afternoon before attending the hospital. Laboratory analysis at the time of admission revealed elevated serum ALT (665 U/L) and AST (880 U/L), increased total bilirubin (4.9mg/dL) and an increased prothrombin time (3.11 seconds). Laboratory tests were repeated six hours later and all levels, except AST, were elevated even further; with ALT and bilirubin doubling in concentration and the prothrombin time also doubling. Albumin concentration was also tested and presented normal at both times. The patient was administered a haemodialysis with N-acetylcysteine.
Having Diarrhea for a prolonged amount of time causes dehydration and leads to a loss of electrolytes in the body. This loss causes an imbalance in electrolytes and body and can be fatal. According to Biology, people acquire Cholera by drinking contaminated water which contains human feces and is generally in poorer areas of the world. The bacterium begins by forming a film around the intestines and also produces a toxin. This toxin is an enzyme that modifies the receptors of the cells which constitute the intestines, which happen to regulate salt and water secretion. The toxin which modifies the G-proteins in a cell makes it unable to utilize GTP which keeps the cell in its active form (Campbell,
During slaughter of animals (cattle or chicken) the meat can be contaminated by C. perfringens bacteria with the animal’s intestinal content or even worse by their feces, therefore; meat has to be cooked properly
Although the mucosa itself does not appear to be damaged by CT, the net flow of Na+ into tissue is decreased and the net flow of Cl- and water out of tissue is increased so as a result, there is more Na+, Cl-, and water in the lumen than there should be. This leads to massive diarrhea and great electrolyte imbalance. A patient with severe cholera can lose up to 20L of water a day (Salyers A., Abigail, 141). At times, diarrhea becomes so dilute it is almost clear, containing flecks of mucus that it is called rice water stool because of its watery consistency (Salyers A., Abigail, 142). This rapid rate of water loss and dehydration is tremendously fatal. At its most extreme, symptoms emerge in 3-4 hours, previously healthy patients can die within 6-8 hours of infection, and more commonly go into shock 6-12 hours after infection and die within 18 hours (Weekly Epidemiological Record, 6). Cholera’s level of severity is very life threatening and remains a big problem even in our world today.
The disease, cholera, is an infection of the intestines, caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. As stated in Microbes and Infections of the Gut, the bacterium is “a Gram-negative, comma- shaped, highly motile organism with a single terminal flagellum” (105). Cholera is characterized by the most significant symptom that presents with the disease, diarrhea, and victims can lose up to twenty liters of body fluids in a day. Cholera can be a serious disease, due to the serious dehydration that can occur, but it is only fatal if treatment is not administered as soon as possible. This research paper includes information on the causes of cholera, symptoms, ways of treatment, studies of treatments, complications that may occur, the
Typhoid fever is an intestinal illness, which can result in great suffering and even death. At first it was commonly confused with other fever causing illnesses until 1869 when William Jenner performed a careful analysis and found differences in the different types of typhus fevers. In this paper, I will discuss the bacteria that causes typhoid fever, discuss the signs, symptoms, method of transmission, past and current epidemics, and whether or not there has been a decrease in outbreaks in the past few years.
The fluid loss that results from the adenylate cyclase stimulation of cells depends on the balance between the amount of bacterial growth, toxin production, fluid secretion, and fluid absorption in the entire gastrointestinal tract. The outpouring of fluid and electrolytes is greatest in the small intestine, where the secretory capacity is high and absorptive capacity low. The diarrhoeal fluid can amount to many liters per day, with approximately the same sodium content as plasma but two to five times the potassium and bicarbonate concentrations. The result is dehydration (isotonic fluid loss), hypokalemia (potassium loss), and metabolic acidosis (bicarbonate loss). The intestinal mucosa remains unaltered except for some hyperaemia, because
Giardia lamblia’s stages are very different to go along with its ability to thrive and survive. The