Inulin : A Natural Polysaccharide

We used to florets from the cauliflower and disrupted the cell walls using a cold isolation buffer (0.3 M D-mannitol, 0.02 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.2) and an abrasive, we then strained the homogenate with cheesecloth into a centrifuge tube suppoerted by ice. The homogenate was then centrifuged at 600 g for 10 minutes at 4⁰C. The postnuclear supernatant was removed and centrifuged at 12,000 g for 30 minutes at 4⁰C. The post mitochondrial supernatant was removed and the mitochondrial pellet was resuspended in a cold assay buffer (0.3 M D-mannitol, 0.01 M KCl, 0.005 M MgCl₂, 0.02 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.2). Both samples were stored at

Carbohydrates have two functions which is, provides short term energy and structure in some organisms. They have an atomic makeup of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen, with a 2:1 ratio of Hydrogen to Oxygen. The monomer is a monosaccharide which contains a single sugar. A couple examples of this would be glucose, fructose, and deoxyribose which is found in DNA. Yet, foods with this monomer in it would be mostly fruits, candy, and soda. Carbohydrates also have a polysaccharide which is a polymer made of many monosaccharides strung together. Some examples of these are starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin. A starch is storage from glucose in plants(potatoes, pasta, waffles, and toast). Glycogen is storage from glucose in animals. Cellous is structure in plants (cell wall). Chitin is structure in animals (exoskeleton).

The product ratio of N-ethylsaccharin to O-ethylsaccharin that occurred due to alkylation with iodoethane at 80 oC was determined to be 81.5% to 18.5%, respectively, based on an analysis of the 1H NMR spectrum that was collected. The melting point range of 87.8-94.7 oC also indicated that the mixture was largely composed of N-ethylsaccharin. The more prevalent product structure is:

Thiol groups are important to protein folding and forming disulphide bonds that are essential to protein structure. Determining the number of thiol groups in a protein is important in determining the tertiary structure of the protein. The ovalbumin is the experiment was purified from egg white using centrifugation and ammonium sulphate precipitation and then the thiol groups identified using DTNB and spectroscopy. The ovalbumin was found to have one thiol group; from this we were also to infer that DNTB alkylates thiolgroups; whereas SDS keeps proteins denatured.

In tube 3, the water was at 40. This is still warm but not the color was not nearly as intense as the previous tube. The next tube charted was tube number 4. The beet was subjected to a temperature of only 22°c. That temperature I would chart as “room temperature”. I found that the least amount of dye was leaked from the beet. For the cold methods I concluded that the amount of betacyanin that escaped from the cell membrane was intense, like the hot treatment results. I concluded that it didn’t have to be hot temperature stress to release betacyanin. Tube number 5 was placed into the refrigerator and the level of dye that permeated the water was charted at a 6. Tube 6 was placed in the freezer and was documented at a level of color intensity of a ten. Also, when the tube was pulled from the freezer the specimen has noticeably changed. It has a slight white, almost white frost or texture to it. Please see attachment and table below.

They consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio. Included in the carbohydrate are monosaccharides (has two hydroxide groups bonded to the carbon backbone plus an aldehyde or ketone group; carbon backbone), oligosaccharides (made of covalently bonded monosaccharides), and polysaccharides (made of several covalently bonded monosaccharides.

Sugar content in organic products versus natural products tested with thin layer chromatography Carbohydrates are one of the most important components for food sources. Carbon based molecules are also called organic compounds. Large organic molecules have elaborate shapes. The chain of carbon atoms is called a carbon skeleton. Other monosaccharides carbon skeletons may have 3 to 7 carbons.

Assays are used as an indicator of whether or not the purification process is working correctly, or if the proteins have been destroyed in the process (1). The lab consisted of purifying wheat germ by utilizing the enzyme that is already present in the substance itself, acid phosphatase. Acid phosphatase was being separated from the wheat germ using a centrifuge (a machine that spins at high speeds in order to separate substances with different densities in a solution) during each step of the experiment to continuously separate and purify the sample (3). There were three assays in which were used during the experiment. One assay used during the experiment was a Bradford dye reagent, which was a blue dye that was added to samples of the supernatant to display the different concentrations of proteins present in each. Another assay that was used during the lab was the KOH. This reagent was added to different samples of the supernatants than what were used for the Bradford dye. The KOH was used to help stop the reaction that had originally taken place from the addition of the acid phosphatase reagent in step three, but its main use was to distinct the different concentrations of the proteins present in each step of the purification

The isolation of β-carotene from lycopene via column chromatography was accomplished, but results were inconsistent. Many students were unable to isolate the first elution compound, β-carotene; however, lycopene isolation was very obtainable; due to the structural similarity of these two molecules, it was intuitive that a separation would be difficult. UV/VIS and TLC analysis of the compounds confirmed that it is possible to isolate β-carotene from lycopene, due to differences in dipole moments of these chemicals. In future experiments, it is suggested to use a mobile phase less polar than 15% ethyl acetate and 85% hexanes such as 5% ethyl acetate and 95% hexanes, for this would have potential to create a better separation. It was

1 and 2 were prepared from Inula racemosa by the method of our previous report [8]. The molecular structures of them were further confirmed with 1H and 13C NMR spectra on a DXM-500 500 MHz spectrometer.Melting points were determined on a Mel-Temp apparatus and are uncorrected.

An ethos reflux microwave extractor (1000 W, Frequency 2450 MHz, Milestone, Italy) was used for the extraction. The extraction process was done in an enclosed vessels and no evaporation was observed. 10 g of homogeneous powdered Vernonia amygdalina leaf samples was mixed with a measured quantity of extracting solvent (distilled water or ethanol). The mixture was loaded into the microwave extractor and the parameters were set. After the extraction process, the mixture was cooled to room temperature and filtered. The filtrate was then dried using a rotary evaporator and stored in a 4 ºC prior to further

However one beaker received 100 mL of Deionized water with a molarity of 0.0. Afterwards a cork borer was pushed through the potato and was twisted back and forth. Once the borer was filled it was removed from the potato. Pushing the potato cylinder out of the borer, this this step was repeated six more times in order to get seven undamaged potato cylinders. Using a sharp razor blade, the potato cylinders were both cut to a uniform length of about 5cm, and were removed of their potato skins. The potato pieces were also cut in half to give the cells a greater surface area in which it was easier to absorb the solution. After the cylinders were weighed on a balance and the data was recorded in Table 4. Using the razor blade each potato was cut lengthwise into two long halves. Then the potato pieces were transferred to the water beaker and the time they were submerged was recorded. This step was repeated for all potato cylinders in which the pieces were placed in solutions 0.1 to 0.6 M. The potatoes were incubated for ninety minutes. At the end of the incubation period the time was recorded. Then the potato piece was removed form the first sample. Next potato pieces were weighed the and the final weight was recorded in Table 4. This procedure was repeated until all samples had been weighed and recorded in the chronological order they were initially placed in the test solution. Afterwards the table was completed by recording the

First, we collected the materials that were needed: 3 beakers, 2 clips, glucose test strips, cooked starch, amylase, and iodine. Then we put 4 pipettes of cooked starch in the small beaker. We then mixed the starch wit h4 pipettes of amylase. The starch will be the leaf; the amylase will be the digestive enzyme. The small beaker represents the head and crop. We then put 4 pipettes of the “macerated” solution from the crop to the soaked dialysis tubing. We filled the large beaker two-thirds full of water and put 4 drops of Lugol’s to the beaker. We then put the dialysis tubing into the large beaker. We recorded data

Then the mixture with a few boiling chips were added in a reflux condenser for thirty minutes. After this period the hot chloroform solution was filtered through a Hirsch funnel, and three more washes of the bark were performed with additional hot chloroform, (3X10ml). In the last step for the purification of butelin the previous chloroform solution was passed over a microscale column of silica gel3 (9cm) and the clean product was collected in a 250ml RBF. Before the rearrangement reaction 10ml of the clean product was collected for evaporation using a rotary evaporator, for the determining of NMR spectrum. Moreover two drops of this product was used as a sample for TLC chromatography. The second step of this experiment includes the rearrangement of betulin to alloetulin. In this stage 120mg of p-toluenesulfonic acid were dissolved in the remaining chloroform solution of betulin. Then 3 drops of water and one small boiling chip were added in the solution and a reflux condenser was used for 60 minutes. After this period the chloroform solution was cooled for 15mins. Thereafter the solution was washed three times with 5% sodium bicarbonate and sodium sulfate was used to dry the chloroform solution. In the end, filtration of the drying agent and rotary evaporation of the chloroform solution, gave the alloebtulin. Finally two more drops of this product was used in the same sample of butelin

Extraction solvent was ethanol (70%, v / v) and hydrochloric acid (0.01%, v / v). Ethanol is more environmentally friendly than methanol. However, did authors compare the use of methanol under the optimized conditions.