Inundation Distribution Of The Study Area

In conclusion the negative externality that is created from the forestry and the farming firms should be paid for by them by indirect taxation on the products they are providing. It is similar to pollution permits given to firms by the government that could be blamed for the advancement of global warming. Yet the problem with flooding is that it is very difficult to measure the amount of flooding that the deforestation has actually caused. Natural floodplains do exist and to protect housing from it the government should provide a service to protect its citizens from structural damage. Due to the fact that it can be shown that cutting down trees in surrounding floodplains and tree in hills (Extract E:line 3) does actually increase the risk of flooding, the firms should pay for this negative externality. The maintenance of the flood barrier should be

Deforestation plays a big role in global warming. The “land use connection” referred to as “land use changes” is a huge contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions. Land use change involves all the destructions of land in order to produce and distribute food. Every year rainforests are demolished for agriculture intentions. “The biggest factors are the destruction of vital rainforests through burning and clearing and the elimination of wetlands” (Lappe 753). Deforestation of these habitats leads to the discharge carbon dioxide into the environment.

Next, it is necessary to identify the land that is possibly flooded and this can be calculated as:

These 16 features included 12 features calculated based on the 6 multispectral bands, which is mean value and standard deviation of these bands. In addition, we chose intensity, texture-variance, texture-mean, and NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) for classifications. Finally, training samples were selected for each classification category based on the previously segmented and merged objects

Due to the large intensities of rainfalls caused both East and West creeks to fill up. Due to both creeks flowing in the same direction no drainage could occur to Gworiee creek causing inundation shown in Appendix

Like the rivers, there are signs of creek bank degradation and there is also a huge accumulation of sediment within these vital waterways. Dredging is currently underway to combat this build-up of sediment (Schwecke, Simmons and Maheshwari 2007). The reintroduction of native trees and groundcover should be considered to reduce the rate of erosion along the banks. The addition of sewerage and storm water treatment facilities has been positive and should be done in association with constant water quality

This project proposes that the stream banks be corrected from their current state of severe soil erosion. Some of the walls of soil surrounding the stream can reach approximately 1.8 meters in depth. Where the runoff drain meets the stream can even reach up to approximately 2.6 meters. The walls of the stream bank are a vault of in situ soils slowly restoring themselves to low sloping conditions through more erosion. This is an indicator that there has been extreme down cutting as result of stream channelization.

Nardoo riverbank in the Tanunda area is greatly damaged which could be due to lack of vegetation, dredging or soil erosion and agriculture or farming. The vegetation along the banks of Nardoo River plays an important role in filtering nutrients in the river. Many of the vegetation area on the river edge have been removed due to farming and dredging in this area.

The density independent factor of the floodplain would be that flooding can occur. The reason it is density independent is because flooding is an abiotic factor that is unable to be controlled. After the flooding is complete and the willow brush grows in size and quantity, this also is an example of recruitment. As the species of willow grew, the carrying capacity also increased. This proves that the ecosystem based on the floodplain is resilient or unable to be affected by the flooding. As this location gained biomass from the increase in carrying capacity, the biodiversity of the riparian vegetation also

The mean for 100-year flood at ungauged river sites within the Apalachicola-ChattahoocheeFlint (ACF) River Basin is 8855.824, this value is importance in that it tells us the average of our data. The standard deviation is 5709.88 which gives us the summary the amount by which every value within a dataset varies from the mean. The max value of the data is 33300. As shown in the appendix figure 1 Illustrated Boxplot of the annual peak streamflow of with mean of 8856, the median of 6440, first quartile of 5260, third quartile of 10950, min of 2350 and max of 33300.The correlation coefficient between Peak and zp is 0.8895443 and the correlation coefficient between lnPeak and zp is 0.9829135.Figure 2 illustrated Histogram Plot of Annual Peak

The methodology used was to utilize the Recurrence Interval formula (R) = (N+1)/M, to determine the recurrence interval and magnitude of historical floods provided on the Stream Gauge Data of Peak Flood Discharges on Clearwater River in Hazard City. Also, I reviewed the flood insurance map to

Lenz, ( 2003 ) studied the Ground-Water Flow and Rainfall Runoff with Emphasis on the Effects of Land Cover, Whittlesey Creek, Bayfield County, Wisconsin, 1999-2001 using SWAT model. The effects of land cover on flooding and base-flow characteristics of Whittlesey Creek, Bayfield County, Wis were examined in a study that involved ground-water-flow and rainfall-runoff modeling. Field data were collected during 1999-2001. Potentiometric-surface altitudes and stratigraphic descriptions were provided by well logs. Geological data, soil parameters, hydrography, altitude, and land-cover data were compiled into a geographic information system (GIS) and used in two ground-water-flow models (GFLOW and MODFLOW) and a rainfall-runoff model (SWAT). A base flow of 17-18 cubic feet per second is produced in a deep ground-water system which intersects Whittlesey Creek near the confluence with the North Fork.

Results are expected to vary due to site characteristics and management histories (Hoover et al. 2012), and in this case, invasive species and harvesting in the past century could have contributed to our estimate being lower than the regional estimate of 116 Mg C/ha. Invasive species can affect forest health, regeneration, and forest structure, so invasive species could have crowded out live trees, decreasing the above-ground live tree carbon pool. The unharvested stand has not been cut in the past three decades so this factor should not affect the above-ground carbon pool significantly, though it has likely been harvested more than the old growth forest stands sampled in Hoover et al. (2012) because there was no evidence of harvesting in those stands. Species composition of the unharvested stand could have contributed to our estimate for the above-ground live tree carbon pool being slightly higher than the estimate from Smith et al. (2004). Our unharvested stand was mainly made up of sugar maple and beech trees (Figure 2.), and these two species contain more carbon than birch (Jenkins et al. 2003).

A floodplain is flat (or nearly flat) land which is usually adjacent to a steam or river that experience periodic flooding. It includes the floodway, which consists of the stream channel. It can form by a river overflowing its banks during heavy rains. The river will deposit materials onto the flood plains when the water loses speed and receded back into the river. The heavier and coarser sediments are first deposited along the river’s edge followed by the smaller and lighter materials that are deposited at the outer edge. This natural process will form barriers which help prevent floods

With new technology such as satellites systems, low altitude photography and side looking radar scientists now figure that the world is losing about twenty million hectares of tropical forests annually. It has been suggested that the high deforestation rates are caused partially by the fact that the new surveys are more accurate and thus reveal old deforestation rates that were miscalculated with previous methods (Westoby, 202).