Investigating The Bonding Of A Carbohydrate

1. Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen make up carbohydrates. Small carbs contain twice as many hydrogen atoms as oxygen atoms; simple sugars, called monosaccharides, are the basic building blocks for

1. Benedict’s solution is added to white grape juice and heated. The color changes from blue to orange. Based on this result, what biological molecules are

Reducing sugars are monosaccharides that have equilibrium with the straight-chain and cyclic form, which the sugar engages in an oxidation-reduction reaction with Cu2+ (C. Bissonnette, 2011). Through this test, one is able to determine that the unknown solution #128 is a non-reducing sugar because the results show that the test turned out positive, and reducing sugars cause negative tests to occur.

A final example of a polysaccharide is cellulose which is the main constituent of plant cell walls. It has adjacent chains of long, unbranched polymers of glucose which bond together to form micro fibrils. These layers are orientated in different directions and interwoven providing rigid cell wall with gaps in layers to provide permeability. The carbohydrate glucose is formed in the light-independent reaction which occurs in the stroma. Carbon dioxide combines with RuBP to form a highly unstable 6-carbon compound which splits in to two glycerate-3-phosphates which is then reduced to form two trios phosphate. This can either be recycled back to RuBP or go on to synthesise glucose. In conclusion, carbohydrates are essential for the storage of energy, structural support for example as the backbone of DNA and are an intermediate in respiration e.g. glyceraldehydes.

(Driskell 29) These simple carbohydrates are easily broken down, converted into glucose for the body and easily flow into the blood stream. The downside to this form of carbohydrates is that they are most common in the form of refined sugars or refined flours which retain very few vitamins after being processed. (“HealthStyle Fitness”) As the body uses this form of glucose a cycle begins which involves fluctuations of high and low blood sugar. This cycle works when blood sugar rises after the consumption of simple carbs and then as the blood sugar begins to drop the body demands more simple carbs to bring blood sugar levels back to up. The cycle that is formed essentially keeps the body from burning body fat because there is a continuous demand and consumption of simple carbohydrates. The second form of carbohydrates is that of complex carbohydrates which consist of polysaccharides, three or more monosaccharides. These complex carbs are found in the form of starch, fiber and glycogen (animal starch). Those complex carbohydrates consumed in the form of starch are found in plant foods like corn, wheat, potatoes, cereals, pastas, and beans. When they are broken down these carbs allow for the slow production and release of glucose into the blood stream and allowing for a consistent blood sugar level. (Guthrie 27) Dietary fiber is another form of complex carbs which are present in plant foods because fiber is

A monosaccharide is a carbohydrate that doesn’t hydrolize. A disaccharide is a group of that yield monosaccharides on hydrolosis. Lastly, polysaccharide is a carbohydrate that contains more than three monosaccharide units per molecule.

Cellular respiration is the series of metabolic process by which living cells produce energy through the oxidation of organic substances. Cellular respiration takes place in the mitochondria. Fermentation is the process by which complex organic compounds such as glucose, are broken down by the action of enzymes into simpler compounds without the use of oxygen. The significance of these pathways for organisms is to allow for an organism to be able to generate ATP. Some organism that undergo cellular respiration are bacteria and fungi. Some organism that undergo fermentation are yeast and muscle cells. In cellular respiration, glucose is oxidized and releases energy. In cellular respiration, glucose produces ATP and 3-carbon molecules of pyruvate. The pyruvate is then further broken down in the mitochondria where it becomes oxidized and releases CO2 (Upadhyaya 2014). In the fermentation process oxygen does not play a part. This process converts glucose into pyruvate and produces ATP. From there pyruvate breaks down into CO2 and acetaldehyde (Upadhyaya 2014) Monosaccharides are known as simple sugars and their main function is being the source of energy for organisms. Disaccharides are two monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond and their primary function is to provide food to monosaccharides. Some disaccharides

The product ratio of N-ethylsaccharin to O-ethylsaccharin that occurred due to alkylation with iodoethane at 80 oC was determined to be 81.5% to 18.5%, respectively, based on an analysis of the 1H NMR spectrum that was collected. The melting point range of 87.8-94.7 oC also indicated that the mixture was largely composed of N-ethylsaccharin. The more prevalent product structure is:

Carbohydrates are macromolecules which and contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (C,H,O). There are also two types of sugars, sweet soluble and starches which are non-soluble. Sugars can also be single or simple sugars.Carbohydrates can be found in a wide variety of foods such as pasta, wheat and grains, rice, potatoes, fruits and sugars. Carbohydrates are broken down into

The type of sugar affects the rate of cellular respiration because each sugar is classified as either a monosaccharides, disaccharides or polysaccharides. The data from this experiment was collected by the amount of carbon dioxide produced from the type of sugar that was used. The data was then analyzed using a line graph. Data was also collected in class averages. There were three sugars in this experiment, glucose, lactose, and fructose. An example of a monosaccharides would be glucose and fructose. The slope for glucose should be about 283.07. The slope for fructose should be about 269.77. Second, an example of a disaccharides would be lactose. The slope for a disaccharide in this experiment should be about 67.055. The data shows that

One of the most fundamental processes of life is the ability to turn sugar into energy. Our cells have the ability to carry out this process both aerobically and anaerobically. Although anaerobic respiration does not produce the amount of energy that aerobic respiration does; it is still a very important process, because it allows cells to turn sugar into useable energy in the absence of oxygen. (Lab 15: Fermentation Experiments: Background) This is done though a process called fermentation. “Fermentation consists of glycolysis plus reactions that regenerate NAD+ by transferring electrons from NADH to pyruvate.” (Campbell and Reece 173-178) There are many different types but we happen to be interested in alcohol fermentation, which is carried out by bacteria and yeast. (Reiner) In alcohol fermentation sugar is broken down and turned into carbon dioxide and ethanol. Knowing this we can measure the amount of carbon dioxide produced and get an idea of how quickly the reaction is running. (Campbell and Reece 173-178) Glucose is one of the most abundant carbohydrates on earth and therefore is generally the sugar involved in fermentation. (Ophardt) It is a monosaccharide with a “six membered ring structure” ("Simple Sugars: Fructose, glucose and sucrose") Fructose and sucrose are two other common simple sugars found in many of the foods we eat. Fructose is very similar to glucose only it is made up of a five membered ring. And sucrose is a disaccharide; it is a combination

This is because glucose is the simplest type of carbohydrate (monosaccharide). However sucrose is a

Monosaccharides are mostly common five-carbon or six-carbon poly hydroxyl ketones and aldehydes. Monosaccharides can be also called as simplest sugar such as glucose, galactose and fructose. Two monosaccharides are able to join together in condensation reactions by using glycosidic linkage to from disaccharides. Maltose, lactose and fructose are the examples of disaccharides. The most complex form of the sugars are polysaccharides and they contain many monosaccharides connected through glycosidic linkage. Both disaccharides and polysaccharides do hydrolysis to produce components of monosaccharides which be absorbed by the body.

Carbohydrates are the product that made up from carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Carbohydrates are form by the combination of carbon dioxide and water molecules. The carbohydrates contain two specific functional group in it which is the hydroxyl groups and carbonyl groups.A reducing sugar is a type of sugar with is an aldehyde group.This means that sugar can act as a reducing agent.The procces of reducing sugar is isomerisation,example of reducing sugar islactose,maltose,glucose and fructose.All monosaccharides are capable of reducing other chemicals such as copper (II) sulphate to copper oxide.Beside that disaccharides such as maltose and lactose are reducing sugar,however sucrose is non reducing

The term ‘’Carbohydrates’’ is defined as the carbon compounds which contains hydroxyl groups in large quantities (King, 2013). Carbohydrates are those organic compounds which have the empirical formula CnH2nOn, or (CH2O)n (Fromm 1997). Carbohydrates are one of the four types of organic compounds in living cells that are produces during photosynthesis and are the important source of energy in both plants and animals (Ahmed 2014). They are built from monosaccharides. These monosacchradies are the small molecules that consists of three to nine carbon atoms and differ in size and in the stereochemical configuration at one or more carbon centers. The simplest carbohydrates also contain either an aldehyde or ketone compounds (freeman 2002). Carbohydrates are classified as simple and complex carbohydrates. The classification of carbohtdydrates is based on the chemical structure of the food and how fast it absorbs. Simple carbohydrates contains single or double sugars in their chemical structure whereas complex carbohydrates consists of three or more sugars (ahmed 2014). There are four major types of carbohydrates depending on their chemical composition.