Investigating Exposure Of Particulate Matter ( Coarse, Fine, And Ultrafine Particles

Pollution continues to pose an enormous threat to residents of urban cities worldwide. In the August 2008 Monthly Update, it is stated that approximately 800,000 deaths each year can be attributed to outdoor air pollution, making pollution the single most harmful environmental hazard to human health in urban areas (Kallman). The fact that pollution kills hundreds of thousands of people each year alone portrays just how dangerous living in these conditions can be. Kallman writes about a study which proves an increase in upper respiratory diseases, cardiovascular mortality, respiratory mortality, and low birth weights when exposed to air pollutants (August 2008: Monthly Update). These can be very serious diseases and complications which, when contracted, can lead to death or very serious illnesses. There

In the past, it absolutely was common due to this materials to be found in building applications, including in most properties. Shifting these types of resources enables minuscule particles in order to enter air. It is possible to take in air these in and never comprehend the idea. They will put dormant in the deep tissue on the lungs for many years. Sooner or later, that they bring about your growth regarding cancer and other complications. Will possibly not observe your current decrease in breathing in function prior to the situation features worsened a lot so that you usually are going through end-stage most cancers

Evidence suggests a role for particles and other traffic-related components in particular (Chiu et al, 2014). Exposure to environmental toxicants, such as air pollution starting in utero, couple potentially alter course of lung growth and affect both the structure and function of the respiratory system. Studies link prenatal air pollution exposure, including fine particulate matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, with wheeze, respiratory tract infections, and reduced lung function in

The most common negative effect was pulmonary aspiration, or the improper ingestion/inhalation of the powder, as the small particles make it easier for the powder to find its way into places that it can be dangerous in [3]. All of this research proves nothing about the topic as the range of results is indecisive.

Inhaling dirty air can cause throat irritation, watery eyes, burning nose, and can make it difficult to breathe. The two most detrimental common pollutants, particles and ozone, can cause respiratory problems, and aggravate cases of asthma. Certain chemicals that are toxic are released into the air, and this can cause problems like birth defects, brain and nerve damage, long-term lung injury, heart disease, cancer, and sometimes even death. Some of these pollutants travel to the upper atmosphere, which contributes to the depletion of the ozone layer. Depletion of the ozone layer is linked to higher incidences of skin cancer and cataracts. EPA’s enforcement of the programs of the CAA has made significant progress in the reduction of air pollution. This leads to a decline in air quality related ailments, and saves the lives of tens of thousands of Americans each year (Benjamin, G.C., M.D., 2011). This increase in public health would save billions of dollars in public health benefits, which far exceeds the cost of implementing these programs. Some criticism has come against the CAA, claiming that the need for reform is desperate. This line of thought insists that the CAA fails in assuming that all pollutants have “safe” levels. All recent studies, however, have shown that fine particle pollutants are not safe in any quantity. Though detrimental health effects do decline in proportion with the decline of fine

Ambient air in urban, rural, and industrial areas contains an array of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). They spread in the air as gases from some solids or liquid materials. Society and environment are directly healthy affected in short- and long-term by VOCs at trace level concentrations (2). Air pollutants toxic are class of chemicals that may consider health problems in a significant way. There are many chemical pollutants released into the ambient air from various sources, such as power plants, and spraying pesticides. There are two types of air pollutants that are primary pollutants, which are emitted directly into the air from pollution sources, and secondary pollutants, which are from primary pollutants, but after they passing from many of the chemical changes in the atmosphere (12). The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has compiled a list of 187 hazardous air pollutants (HAPs). There are 30 HAPs threaten health dramatically in metropolitan areas, such as benzene, 1,3-dichloropropene, 1,3-butadiene, and chloroform that are classified as toxins (3). In accordance with the 2007 Environmental Pollution, VOCs affect adversely on health and cause many diseases, such as immune and neurological damage, cardiovascular diseases, and reproductive and endocrine disorders (8). Several methods have developed for the

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is predominantly sourced from vehicle emissions5 and exposure to traffic-related particles is associated with increased risk of asthma in children6.

The World Health Organization estimated that more than 800,000 deaths worldwide were due to outdoor air pollution. Air pollution is a growing issue in industrialized areas due to exposure from industrial and traffic sources. Harm to the human body occurs from exposure to and inhalation of particulate matter (PM) (Barnes et al., 2012). PM is liquid or solid particles in the air, that when small enough in size, can be harmful to the human body when inhaled. Two common sizes of particulate matter are PM_10 and PM_2.5. PM_10 are particles that are 2.5 to 10 micrometers in size, and includes dust, mold and pollen just to name a few. PM_2.5 are particles that are 2.5 micrometers or smaller in size, and consists of particles from vehicles, industries, and burning. Smaller particles are able to get into the lungs and potentially cause serious health problems (Environmental Protection Agency [EPA], 2015). These health problems include acute cardiovascular events, changes to blood pressure, coagulation, myocardial perfusion, and chronic respiratory diseases (Barnes et al., 2012).

Thus, deposition of PM2.5 on alveoli was found to trigger an inflammatory response and oxidative stress, accompanied with the release of a host of pro-inflammatory mediators, vasoactive molecules and reactive oxygen species into the circulation. These will subsequently affect the vascular integrity and induce thrombogenesis138, 140. Also, it has been proposed that PM2.5 can modulate the autonomic nervous system and result in increased vasoconstriction and change heart rate variability, which will potentially enhance the risk of developing arrhythmias and thrombosis141. Importantly, it has been found that the dose-response relationship between particulate matter exposure and cardiovascular mortality is also non-linear142. In fact, the observed dose-response curve was steep at low levels, suggesting that a consequential adverse cardiovascular outcome can happen as a result of exposure to low levels142. Interestingly, a study suggested that PM2.5 is responsible for more than 90% of the predicted harm caused by thirdhand smoke pollutants143. In summary, clearly, there is substantial evidence in the literature that PM2.5 from ambient air pollution and smoking exerts harmful effects on the cardiovascular system. However, whether e-cigarettes PM2.5 produces similar effects is not known yet, but warrants investigation. This notion is

In the absence of such studies, the EPA uses human data, but even human data connecting PCE to adverse health effects is scant. However, some of this human data suggests reproductive difficulties for women exposed to PCE in their workplace (Public Health Service, 2014). Testing on rats and rabbits exposed to PCE resulting in “increased pre- and post-implantation losses, decreased litter sizes, and decreased survival during lactation” (Public Health Service, 2014, p.

“increasingly, children’s exposures to chemicals in the environment are understood to contribute to the causation and exacerbation of certain chronic, disabling diseases in children including asthma, cancer, birth defects, and neurobehavioral dysfunction,” (Landrigan). This displays that every child is exposed to chemicals in the environment and this causes them to have or develop many problems. This is certainly a safety hazard and should be stopped as soon as possible.

Bhatnagar explains that majority of the chemicals that are linked to lung cancer are absent in these products, however, particulate matter remains which is what we should be concerned about. He describes the particulate matter as “small particles found in the atmosphere and is what is responsible for the health effects of air pollution.” His scientific approach in stating facts from various studies as well as his knowledgeable background makes him an effectively credible presenter.

Particulate matter (PM) aggravates asthma, emphysema, bronchitis, heart disease, and lung disease. PM is a carrier of many toxic compounds and contributes to haze. On top of that, it pollutes fresh and coastal waters, and contaminates farmland. PM is emitted mainly from diesel vehicles and is formed from reactions between nitrous oxides and sulfur oxides. (“Alternative”)

One of the main source cause air pollution is PM2.5. It used to be an unknown term to the Chinese people but now almost all the Chinese people get familiar with it. PM2.5 stands for particulate matter that the diameter of particle smaller than 2.5μm (Zhou, et al., 2015, p.1). If the diameter of particle smaller than 2.5μm then it can get into human body but it will blow out by human selves. Also, if it is bigger than 2.5μm it will be stopped at the first step in respiratory system which is human’s nasal cavity and vibrissa. PM2.5 is considered to be the worst element in air pollution to people’s health, it can go through the whole human respiratory system then get

Some of the risks involving nanoparticles are as follows. Firstly, “studies have indicated that large quantities of nanoparticles can cause cellular damage in the lungs, with lung cells absorbing the particles and becoming damaged or undergoing genetic mutation.” (King, Jarvie, & Dobson, 2017) Secondly, relating to drug delivery systems, nanoparticles have toxic effects on