Investigating The Hardness Of River Tank And Tap Water

Water (H2O) is a good solvent because it is partially polarized. The hydrogen ends of the water molecule have a partial positive charge, and the oxygen end of the molecule has a partial negative charge. This is because the oxygen atom holds on more tightly to the electrons it shares with the hydrogen atoms. The partial charges make it possible for water molecules to arrange themselves around charged atoms (ions) in solution, like the sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl−) ions that dissociate when table salt dissolves in water.

Hard water is an annoying thing that most of the American face one time or the other. According to a US geological survey, hard water is found in more than 89.3% of the country. water is a universal solvent meaning it can dissolve more substance than any other solvent, that being said water from the rain is soft water, free from any mineral but as the water basses through the air it picks up carbon dioxide and other impurities in the air, and once the water reach the ground it start to dissolve mineral and change into a hard water with mineral such as Ca+, Mg+ [1].

In the Chemistry of Natural Waters Lab we were to collect a sample of water, ranging from a fountain, stream, bottle, or tap water. After we collected the samples we all did many tests to see what the hardness was for each one. Water hardness is determined by the amount of Calcium and Magnesium in the water.(2) Water that has more Calcium or Magnesium is considered to be harder than water with less of those two elements. When you use soap and detergent, this is where you see water hardness coming into play in everyday life when you are washing things.

Intermolecular forces hold molecules together when they are in solid or liquid state. However, water has the ability to dissociate many salts and ionic compounds. This is called dissolving. When NaCl is added to water, it dissociates into the ions; Na+ and Cl- . The positive sodium ions are surrounded by the slightly negatively charged part of water molecules (i.e. oxygen) in the water molecules and the negative chlorine ions are surrounded by the slightly positively charged part of water molecules (i.e. the hydrogen). The kinetic energy of the sodium chloride molecules increase with temperature. This destabilizes the solid state that it is currently in. This increased motion means that the molecules are less able to hold together and as such they dissolve at faster rates and larger amounts.

The structure becomes more open as water begins to expand as it reaches its freezing point. Water becomes lighter since the molecules are spaced out, creating an open structure. Ice being lighter than cold water allows water to flow underneath a layer of ice in the winter and keep animals and plants living in the water alive. Scientists are able to get super cooled liquid water by having very clean water samples. At temperatures below -38 degrees Celsius, scientists cannot keep water from freezing so they must use computer simulations. Putting water in nanoscopic pores keeps it from freezing at super low temperatures because the hydrogen bonds are broken down so the water is not as stable. Using sponge-like material to nano confine water was not successful because the large holes froze and caused crystallization throughout the material. This problem was solved when Sow-Hsin Chen created a new material called MCM-41. He and his colleagues filled the material with water, cooled it to –73 degrees Celsius, and bombarded it with neutrons. They were able to examine water’s structure without it

The fact that most small biological molecules dissolve in water is very important because all the chemical reactions that take place in cells do so in aqueous solution. Plants cam only obtain mineral salts in solution and human digestion will only dissolve soluble foods, meaning large starch molecules must be broken down into soluble sugars. Also many organisms living in water spend most of their time underwater, yet they require oxygen to respire, and as water is such a good solvent the required oxygen gas is dissolved in water. Water’s solvent properties also allow it to act as a transport medium for polar solutes for example the movement of minerals to lakes and seas and removal of metabolic wastes such as urea and ammonia in urine. Water’s thermal properties relate to its heat capacity.

In experiment 3 drinking water quality, I will test the quality of two different types of bottled water and tap water using materials such as: Dansani bottled water, Fiji bottled water, ammonia test strips, chloride test strips, 4 in 1 test strips, phosphate test strips, iron test strips, (3) 250ml. beakers, parafilm, pipettes, (3) foil packets of reducing powder, stopwatch, permanent marker and water. First you must label the (3) 250ml. beakers with Tap water, Dasani, and Fiji, and pour 100ml of each type of water into the beakers name. Next place an ammonia test strip with the pads down into the tap water and move it up and down for 30 seconds. Next remove the test strip shaking off excess water and then hold level with pad side up for 30 seconds. Read the results of the strip pads by

Based on my own data and class data, I would classify my local tap water as moderately hard. Both the school’s tap water and the tap water from whitehall were moderately hard, and it is safe to assume that my own tap water would produce the same results. Also, based on what we already know about the hardness of water and how water seeps through the ground where it is filtered by stones and mineral deposits, plays a role in why we believe the hardness of our local water is moderately hard.

Water hardness is defined as the amount of dissolved calcium and magnesium in the water. (2) In order to have hard water, calcium (Ca^(2+)) and magnesium (Mg^(2+)) need to have a high concentration of both ions dissolved into the water. Depending on the amount of dissolved minerals, water hardness has the possibility of being detected without actually experimentally testing for it. Have you ever felt like you still had residue on your hands after washing with soap? This is the effect of the calcium ions reacting with the soap. These effects have no effects for humans when drinking this water but industries worry about their water’s hardness for one main reason.

The particles in liquids, on the other hand, although still close within the proximity of one another, are in random arrangements, having slightly more space to move. As the particles are still held close, liquids also exhibit high densities. Water, however, is a prominent exception, being different as it is denser as a liquid than a solid. Upon freezing, the water particles separate slightly, forming crystal lattices with space between each particle that allow icebergs and ice cubes to stay afloat the water (BBC, 2017).

Water hardness can be determined in many ways. EDTA titrations and atomic absorbance spectroscopy (AA) are the most

Whether we realize it or not, water is surrounding us in different forms everywhere. Water actually makes up about 70% of Earth. Water is overall known as a good solvent that dissolves minerals it comes in contact with. As water moves through earth, it dissolves minerals and holds them in solution. The amount of metal cations, such as Calcium (Ca^2+) and Magnesium (Mg^2+) in water became known as water “hardness”. Water hardness can be detected by white residue and crystal like rocks when heated. Understanding water hardness is important to us because it has proven to create problems both in our households and in industry (1). These problems lead to expenses for homeowners and industry owners, they will end up spending money on expensive cleaning chemicals and machinery cleaners. In our household we water hardness pop up as soap scum in our dishes and in our laundry. Hard water also produces scale which, in industry and again in households can narrow pipes, block tubes, cause problems in brewing facilities, and can produce problems in farmland. The greater the presence of Calcium and Magnesium in water defines its hardness. For example a water sample with a large concentration of these two cations, along with smaller amounts of other polyvalent cations, is considered to be hard. (1, 2) And a sample with a smaller concentration of the cations is considered soft. Below is a table of the determination of water hardness scale.

Because water is of great significance and since it is used for drinking and in preparing our daily food; I began to realize that in today’s world with all the environmental changes, there are a lot unanswered questions about the type of water that we drink. The dilemma lies between: tap water, bottled water or filtered water; and the question are: which one to choose? And how is one

All of us need water; our body is made approximately of 60% of water. This liquid is so important for us that over the years the way in which it is delivered to the consumer had developed to increase the quality of the final product. In order to give to the consumer high quality drinking water, the distribution systems had to be developed to insure that the same water in which goes out of the water treatment plant is the water in which goes out of the consumer’s sink.

Water is vital to the existence of living organisms, but this valued resource is increasingly being threatened as human population grown which increases the demand for high quality water for domestic purposes and economic activities (UNESCO, 2003). Tiruppur is fast growing ‘industrial city’ known for its hosiery industries in Coimbatore District of Tamil Nadu. It is an Indian textile town which constitutes many dyeing and bleaching units situated in the upstream of Noyyal River and serves as one of the major exporters of textiles. The industrial pollution has affected not only the surface water but also the soil and ground water. In recent decades, the ecosystem, particularly the water and land resources of the Noyyal river basin have been affected due to heavy discharge of industrial effluents. In the present investigation water samples (A, B, C, D and E) were collected from various sites near the Orathupalayam reservoir of Noyyal River to study the level of penetration of polluted water into the aquifer system. The physio-chemical properties of water samples were analyzed and studied.