Investment Theories And Risk Of Jeff Bull

The fundamental concept behind MPT is that the assets in an investment portfolio should not be selected individually, each on their own merits. Rather, it is important to consider how each asset changes

“The Benefits of diversification are clear. Portfolio theory has played a crucial role in explaining the relationship between risk and return where more than one investment is held. It also enables us to identify optimal and efficient portfolios.”

Harry Markowitz 1991, developed a theory of “Portfolio choice”, that allows the investors to examine the risk as per the expected returns. In modern World, this theory is known as Modern portfolio theory (MPT). It attempts to attain the best portfolio expected return for a predefined portfolio risk, or to minimise the risk for the predefined expected returns, by a careful choice of assets. Though it’s a widely used theory, still has been challenged widely. The critics question the feasibility of theory as a strategy for

Systematic risk or market risk is the risk that affects a large number of assets. Examples of systematic risk are inflation or increasing the interest rate, or any uncertainties in the economy but not the company 's performance. Unsystematic risk is the risk that mainly associated with specific companies or may be some competitors and suppliers. The systematic risk affects the whole market and cannot be controlled by investors. Unsystematic risk however affects the company and is controlled by the company 's performance. When investors invest money into a company they must research all aspects of that company so they are aware of the unsystematic risks they may encounter.

Systematic risk results from factors that affect all stocks. The risk of a project from the viewpoint of a well-diversified shareholder. This measure takes into account that some of the project’s risk will be diversified away as the project is combined with the firm’s other projects, and, in addition, some of the remaining risk will be diversified away by shareholders as they combine this stock with other stocks in their portfolios.” (Keown PG, 510)

Business risk refers to the chance a business's cash flows are not enough to cover its operating expenses like cost of goods sold, rent and wages. Unlike financial risk, business risk is independent of the amount of debt a business owes (Guzman & Media, 2015). Financial risk refers to the chance a business's cash flows are not enough to pay creditors and fulfill other financial responsibilities (Guzman & Media, 2015). Financial risk is the additional business risk concentrated on common stockholders when financial leverage is used and depends on the amount of debt and preferred stock financing (Brigham & Ehrhardt, 2014).

Market risk, or beta risk, is described as a reflection of a project on stockholders’ risk of a diversified portfolio. Many factors can influence the market such as war, inflation, and recession. Market risk is measured by the firm’s beta coefficient to determine the effects the market has on the portfolio. In addition to market risk, there are two forms of risk that managers use to calculate the risk of a particular project related to holding a diversified portfolio. Stand-alone risk is used when the firm’s only holds one asset or a single stock. Corporate, or within-firm risk is the measurement of all assets or stocks held by the firm. Of these three risks, the Capital Asset Pricing Model states the market risk is the risk

Furthermore, there is the danger that a liquidity crisis at one bank can cause a ‘systemic’ failure of the banking system through a process of ‘contagion’.

a. Objective(s). It is out of doubt that no matter how diversified the portfolio is, systematic risk can never be eliminated. The risk associated with individual stocks can be reduced, but general market risks affect almost every stock. So it is important to diversify between different asset classes and industries as well. The key is to find a medium between risk and return. The objective of this paper is to discuss importance of diversification of investment portfolio within industries and project the theory on the example of two portfolios. The first portfolio tends to be undiversified and consists of shares of companies from banking sector. The undiversified portfolio is as follows:

“Higher risks lead to higher returns” is one of the basic concepts in the investment theory. Also, the CAPM, thought for decades at universities as one of the basic asset pricing models, supports it.

Individual faces many types of risk, such as investment risk, liability risk, health risk and property

Let us begin our discussion on Portfolio Theory with an example of two investments (assets or securities) – Ace and Bravo. Their return expectations are given in the table below. You will notice that both Ace and Bravo are risky investments because they do not offer a certain return. You can begin by comparing the expected return and risk of Ace and Bravo:

Harry Markowitz is one of the founders of the theory of finance, the fastest growing

In their research study, Souder & Myles (2010) identify that risk is chiefly fundamental to investing. Böhringer & Löschel (2008) further add that there is no discussion of returns or performance that is deemed meaningful in the absence of at least some mention of the involved risk. However, the trouble for investors, who have just entered into the marketplace, involves the process of figuring where risk really lies, as well as what the difference between the various levels of risks. Relating to the manner, in which risk is fundamental to investments, a significant number of new

* Variation in the firm’s expected earnings attributable to the industry in which the firm operates. There are four determinants of business risk: