Ion Acceleration Lab Report

Students in an AP Physics lab perform an electrostatics experiment involving two charged spheres suspended

The purpose of this lab was to test the relationship between velocity, position and time. As well as identify how accelerations affects an object's velocity and time. In this experiment, we will collect data on velocity, speed, and time. We used the equation Y=mx+b, in order to compare the velocity of each trial by comparing the slope and the y-intercept. If the slope was steeper on the graph, this meant that the cart had an increase in velocity. If the cart maintains at a constant speed, then the cart will have an increase in acceleration. In class we learned about the principles of acceleration, time, and velocity. Acceleration is an object’s increase in velocity. Velocity is how

For the creation of an effective e-bomb, not only generation of an extremely high-powered pulse of energy

In this lab, the possibility of experiencing sources of was extremely high as pushing a car and calculating the acceleration easily invited interference in otherwise perfect results. It can be proven that there were multiple sources of error by the slope of the equation on the ‘Force vs. Acceleration’ group for this lab. While the slope of the linear trend line was 4084.798, the actual mass of the van and Mr. Simmons combined was 2450 kg. These sources of error include human error such as not keeping the acceleration constant, changing the force placed on the van, and by starting or stopping the timer late. In our lab, some pairs would start and stop in order to remain at the correct number of pounds on the vehicle; therefore, the car had inconsistent acceleration and the data did not accurately reflect the constant rate.

Compared with chemical propulsion, it is much safer and more efficient due to jts lesser dependence on propellants to produce the overall same effect. NASA actively propels the development of Solar Electric Propulsion which is a strong sign that electric propulsion is definitely a promising research direction. However, two main problems issues still needed to be solved. Firstly, most of electric propulsion devices are designed for spacecraft; however, low amounts of electrical power are available onboard. Secondly, electric thrusters work with small flows of propellants which result in knockdown acceleration. Both of these could be solved by finding better alternative propellants or coming up with innovative design methods. As one of the world leading technology institutions, Princeton set up the Electric Propulsion and Plasma Dynamics Laboratory to focus on the lithium Lorentz force accelerator. Because of enthusiasm Princeton shows in the electric propulsion and efforts made to push its development, I wish I could have the opportunity to join the Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department at Princeton and study with Professor Edgar Choueiri. Also, I am interested in discussing with Professor Craig Arnold’s and Emily A. Carter about their research on clean energy. The advent of the Solar Electric Propulsion will be around 2030 and I hope to spend the next decade working toward its development. My plan is to finish the master’s program in two years and continue to the Ph.D. degree study with an experimental thesis. Afterward, my dream is to continue my research work at Jet Propulsion Laboratory and contribute to the development of better electric propulsion

With the calculations above and the findings from the lab experiment, it can be concluded that an increase in acceleration due gravity results in an overall increase in energy. Using the calculations for Earth as our baseline, it was found that the increased acceleration due to gravity found on Jupiter resulted in an increase in energy while the decreased acceleration due to gravity found on the Moon resulted in the lowest amount of energy. Interestingly, when looking at the final values of kinetic and gravitational potential energy on Earth and on the Moon, it is found that the former is lower than the latter. However, when analyzing the data taken from the simulation on Jupiter, it is found that the kinetic energy is actually less than the gravitational potential. This possibly occurred as the

Pulsed plasma thrusters have traits that suggest the ability to use a minimally refined, granular in-situ propellant. PPTs have a robust flight heritage with more than 28 years of successful operation on the Zond-2, LES-6, and NOVA satellites2. PPTs are less complex than other electric propulsion systems, relying on solid fuel and no moving parts. They have been demonstrated to operate with many, varied types of propellants2,4. Ablative PPTs are inefficient since they have been found to lose 40% of their propellant

Ultrasound irradiation is well known to speed up chemical reactions [31,32]. This is due to the event of acoustic cavitation, that is, the formation, development and crash of micrometrical bubbles, formed by the propagation of a pressure wave through a liquid. The crashes are quasiadiabatic processes, resulting in the production of high temperatures and pressures in the nanosecond time size, attended by sonoluminescence and mechanical effects. These effects can be applied to speed up chemical reactions, decreasing the reaction time and optimizing the profit–charge relevance. Although, this energetic flow can help to push forward both desirable and undesirable chemical reactions [31]. Therefore, the yields received with ultrasound-assisted reactions

The Magnetoplasmadynamic (MPD) thruster (MPDT) is a form of electrical propulsion that utilizes electromagnetic fields to accelerate a propellant to very high speeds, relying on the Lorentz force. Among the various methods of electromagnetic propulsion, this one produces exceptional thrust, though that arguably means less than it sounds…

A particle accelerator is a machine that is capable of accelerating particles to very high speeds. The types of particles that are accelerated are protons, electrons and atomic nuclei. Particle accelerates have a Particle Source which is where the particle is before it launched. It also has a Beam Pipe which is where the particles travel around the machine. There are also electric fields, electromagnets, detectors and targets. (Dotson, 2015) The electric fields are spaced out and create radio waves which accelerate particles. The electromagnets help steer and focus the beam of particles when they travel through the beam tube. (Dotson, 2015) The detectors and targets help record data of the particles speed and behavior at high speeds.

Hertz discovered that ultraviolet light discharged certain electrically charged metallic plates, a phenomenon that could not be explained by Maxwell’s Wave Theory. In order to explain this phenomenon termed the

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(-- removed HTML --) As suggested in Ref. (-- removed HTML --) 1 (-- removed HTML --) for radii outside of the MHD-active region of the plasma, the peaking factor shows similar trends for all RF methods and deposition positions when comparable fractions of electron heating power are produced (Figs. (-- removed HTML --) 7 (-- removed HTML --) and (-- removed HTML --) 8 (-- removed HTML --) ). On the other hand, closer to the plasma centre where saturated MHD activity is usually present, this trend is less robust when different radial positions are analysed. (-- removed HTML --)

The proton behavior, on the other hand, exhibited somewhat poorer agreement. The wave intensity calculation showed a qualitatively good agreement especially for early times, but depending on the input parameters, quasilinear theory may predict lower or higher saturation intensity. We also discussed possible cause(s) of various discrepancies, but in an overall sense, we conclude that the so-called macroscopic quasilinear method maybe a useful first-order tool, but with obvious caveats. In particular, it was shown that the parallel proton firehose instability leads to the formation of parallel proton tail, which the simple bi-Maxwellian model cannot explain. (-- removed HTML --)

The enhancement factor estimation is made by means of the threshold voltage of helium and needs an amplification of 4.4x105 times to the generate helium field ionization.