Irish History: The Fenian Brotherhood

At Ft. Ridgely, anger and fear festered after the first attack on the fort as to when reinforcements would come. This also held true for the town of New Ulm which was scrambling to defend itself under the leadership of Colonel Flandrau. While these towns were being attacked, Sibley had gathered an army of 1,340 troops, but still complained about the lack of supplies and training his men had. As the book aptly put it, however, “…neither were the defenders of New Ulm and Fort Ridgley, and they fought with determination, improvised when necessary, and made do without what they could not get and still they bested superior numbers of Indians” (177-178). Sibley’s delays in advancing his troops and attacking the Indians caused heavy responses from the people of Minnesota. Many called for

The book, “The Irish Way” by James R. Barrett is a masterpiece written to describe the life of Irish immigrants who went to start new lives in America after conditions at home became un-accommodative. Widespread insecurity, callous English colonizers and the ghost of great famine still lingering on and on in their lives, made this ethnic group be convinced that home was longer a home anymore. They descended in United States of America in large numbers. James R. Barrett in his book notes that these people were the first group of immigrants to settle in America. According to him, there were a number of several ethnic groups that have arrived in America. It was, however, the mass exodus of Irish people during and after the great

There were then Fenian Raids, when a group of Irish Americans led a series of attacks on the colonies in protest of Britain's rule of Ireland. This scared the maritimes into uniting with the other colonies. On the west Americans were threatening to take British Columbia with a rallying cry of “54 40 or fight”. It was clear that the americans were ready to take over all of north america. In document one William Seward US Secretary of State says “ I know that God intends that this whole continent shall be sooner or later, within the magic circle of the United States of America”. You can see that here the main idea was to take all the of North america under the stars and stripes. In document seven George Etienne Cartier says “We have five colonies and in order to become a great nation, they need only to be brought together under one central Government. The matter comes down to this, whether we form a British American confederation or we will be absorbed into the United States of America. Shall we be content to remain separate colonies, to maintain a mere provincial existence, whe, by combining together we could become a great nation It has never before been the good fortune of any group of colonies to secure

The commander and his officers were stationed at the inn owned by James and Laura Secord. She overheard him talking about his attack plans, and travelled on foot to tell British Colonel Fitzgibbon the news. He prepared to meet the attack at Beaver Dams, with his force of 80 soldiers and 250 Kahnawake Mohawk warriors. Boerstlers main force moved forward and go caught in a cross fire. Boerstlers was wounded and the Mohawks surrounded them. Fitzgibbons stepped forward in the heat of battle and he said he would protect the Americans from the Mohawks if they would surrender, and that was the way it

Although not a single British gun was disabled, the British lost twenty-seven men to American fire. After about three hours the British guns fell quiet because they had run out of ammo. General Jackson also welcomed reinforcements; on January 4, the missing Kentucky militiamen, 2,368 strong, began to arrive. But the general was worried because they had only seven hundred guns. Worse, the militiamen were in terrible shape, ragged clothes and half-starved. Jackson got warm clothes from New Orleans and convinced the mayor to give up enough rusty Spanish muskets from the city’s armory to arm four hundred of the new arrivals, but they were placed well in the rear of his line, along with their unarmed comrades, as a reserve. It was a smart plan, but on January 8, the day of the attack, things started going wrong almost instantly. Thornton’s boats became stuck in mud when a dam, constructed by Cochrane’s naval engineers collapsed, and the water in the canal that was supposed to float them into the Mississippi ran the other way, toward Lake Borgne. Thornton got only 450 of his fourteen hundred men across the river. On January 9, American work parties joined the British in burying the

After the failed endeavor to attack Canada in 1775, the Americans knew the British would retaliate with an invasion making them prepare. The American militia had not seen numerous victories during the Revolutionary War. American Major General Philip Schuyler, commander of the Northern Army during this time, dispatched General Arthur St. Clair and about 3,000 men to watch out for the British movements. General St. Clair had withdrawn his forces from Crown Point and as the Americans watched the British setting up two guns onto Sugar Loaf Hill, above Fort Ticonderoga, the American troops withdrew from Fort Ticonderoga down to Fort Edward. During the retreat back to Fort Edward, General Schuyler's came up with an idea to make obstructions for the

Amid the failure of the American expedition into Canada, the departing of British troops from Boston indicated that the British were prepared to fight a larger conflict than what had already occurred. The Second phase of the Revolution was characterized by conflict overspreading the Mid-Atlantic region of the colonies from 1776-1778. Over the summer in 1776, hundreds of British ships and 32,000 soldiers arrived in New York City, commanded by William Howe. Washington drew up 19,000 poorly trained soldiers to counter the British Force, and was defeated in the battle of Brooklyn Heights on Aug 27, 1776.

Defence issues affected the colonies of British North America in a few different ways. One way Britain tried to defend its colonies was to station troops all over the world to make its colonies more safe, but this was very costly. They wanted cheaper ways to defend the colonies. Steam-powered ships made it easier to send troops all around the world and overseas. They decided to stick with this skeleton defence. The Fenians were a different problem that British North America had to face. The Fenians were an Irish organization that used armed force and weapons to try and gain independence from Britain. They did this because they felt that Britain had treated them poorly. The colonies of British North America thought that if they united, they

Unlike presidents, state governors tend to fade in the memories of citizens. Overtime, despite many accomplishments and two terms, John Ireland has joined the long-lost list of forgotten governors. The mention of his name fails to incite anything but blank expressions from Texas citizens. In light of his influence on one of Texas ' most famed buildings, it might seem as though his name might ring a couple of bells, but no such luck. Clearly, John Ireland has been forgotten for too long. What did this man do for Texas and why should he be remembered? Time to find out.

They fought beside troops led by Colonel Andrew Jackson. U.S. troops also were joined by a large group of Cherokee. The Creek and Cherokee had long been

The British sent Gen. Edward Braddock as the commander in chief of the North American forces. His first mistake was not allowing the British and Native Americans be allies in the war. His second mistake was not cooperating with colonial leaders. His third mistake was not listening to George Washington to amend their attack strategy when they failed to capture Fort Duquesne. In this battle, the Native Americans ambushed the British army, which the British thought inferior. The British strategy was go and face the enemy like a man. When they failed to amend their strategy, a lot of British soldiers were killed, including

For the first weeks of the march, Burgoyne confronted numerous genuine difficulties. Altogether under-prepared, his armed force lacked necessities. On the other hand, the Canadian militias immediately abandoned the army and Burgoyne struggled to organize Britain's Indian allies. In addition, transportation difficulties obstructed the armed force's progress. Despite difficulties, Burgoyne thrived on the war zone. On July 6, his armed force caught Fort Ticonderoga, managing a noteworthy blow to American morale. The next day, Burgoyne accomplished another triumph over the Americans at Hubbardton. By early August, however, Burgoyne's favorable luck ran out. As opposed to the expectations of the British War Office, loyalists did not turn out in strength to bolster St. Leger. Buried in a twenty-one-day attack of Fort Stanwix, St. Leger was compelled to withdraw into Canada. In New York, Howe ruled against meeting Burgoyne at Albany for moving into Pennsylvania to stand up to General George Washington's armed force. Burgoyne did not hear about Howe's decision until it was past the point of no return. Impeded by American endeavors to obstruct roads, Burgoyne's armed force eased back to a creep as it moved toward Saratoga, where 12,000 Americans under General Horatio Gates

Burgoyne took his force and readied them in south of Montreal at Saint Jean. The other set of Burgoyne’s troops led by Brigadier General Barry St. Leger were posted up at Lachine. Brigadier had limited troops consisting of 875 British, Loyalist, and Hessian troops, assisted by 1,000 Iroquois Indians under Joseph Brant (Tucker, 55). This particular battalion hit from Oswego to Mohawk Valley which caused the Indians to slaughter civilians, which in turn “mobilized” (Tucker, 55) frontiersmen to join the revolt under the control of Major General Benedict

Irish independence has been fought for a long time ever since the British occupied Ireland in 1172. The King of England invaded and controlled Ireland. The invasion led to religious and territorial conflicts. There was an effort to create a church comparable to the Church of England in the 1500s. Catholics who live in Ireland were against the idea and a conflict for independence has emerged (Arena & Arrigo, 2004). The suppression of Irish nationalism by the British in the 20th century led to the creation of martyrs for the cause led by the Irish Republican Army (Combs, 2011).

The term Fenians applied to members of various Irish organizations that took place in the USA, that launched many raids into Canadian territory, from 1866 to 1871. Although they were a USA based organization, The United States did not support them. Fenians were part of an 1857 movement to separate Ireland from Britain. Fenian comes from the Gaelic term Fianna, which means "mythological warrior". The society suffered a hit in 1865 when their Ireland-based organization was destroyed by