Is Genetics A Field Of Science?

According to Adler, Mueller, & Laufer, “Chromosomes are the basic structures that contain our genes—the biological material that makes each of us unique. Each human being has 23 pairs of inherited chromosomes. One pair determines gender. A female receives an X chromosome from both mother and father; a male receives an X chromosome from his mother and a Y from his father. Sometimes a defect in the production of sperm or egg results in genetic abnormalities.

A) Meiosis consists of two cell divisions and is broken up into Meiosis I and Meiosis II. At the beginning of the Cell Cycle, in this case there are four chromatids each from the homologous pairs being A, a, B, b. This is the Diploid number (4) meaning it is 2 times the haploid number that will be seen at the end of meiosis II. During the S phase of interphase, the chromatids replicate and reach the end of G2 phase. Now starting meiosis, during the first stage of prophase I the chromosomes condense and pair up through synapsis with their sister chromatids creating AA, aa, BB, bb. After they pair up they go through a process called crossing over, where the homologous chromosomes share a piece of their genetic material with each other. Crossing over allows for the genetic diversity of chromosomes. Now there are four homologous chromosomes Aa, Aa, Bb, Bb, each containing heterozygous alleles because the sister chromatids exchanged genetic information with their homologous pair. During late prophase I, spindle fibers being to form where they will later attach to a homologous chromosomes centromere. The next stage is Metaphase I. During metaphase I, the homologous pairs line up at the metaphase plate, also known to be the center of the cell. The homologous pairs form a tetrad which is considered a group of four homologous chromosomes. These homologous chromosomes orient themselves randomly, which is know as the process of independent

All living organisms have something called a ‘‘genome’. Genomes contain all of the DNA within that certain organism.The identity of an organism is defined by the DNA that is present in its genome. Humans are what is known as diploid organisms. The sperm from the dad have one set of chromosomes, and the egg in the mom has the

Each human being has something called DNA. DNA is described as genetics and an extremely long macromolecule that is the main component of chromosomes and is the material that transfers genetic characteristics in all life forms. DNA constructs of two nucleotide strands coiled around each other in a ladder like arrangement with the sidepieces composed of alternating phosphate and deoxyribose units and the rungs composed of the purine and pyrimidine bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. Each chromosome consist of one continuous thread-like molecule of DNA coiled tightly around proteins and contains a portion of the 6,400,000,000 basepairs that make up your DNA.

While studying eugenics, genetics plays a detrimental role in determining heredity. Genetics is the study and behavior of genes ("Genetics"). These genes are encoded pieces of information that comes from both parents, these genes are found on any of the 23 pairs chromosomes; these chromosomes that contain genes form the human genome. 22 chromosomes all contain the same genes although slight variations of alleles, alleles are alternate forms of genes, and the 23rd chromosome contains the information for the zygote's gender.

Human cells carry two copies of each chromosome they have two versions of each gene and the different versions are called alleles. Alleles can be either dominant or recessive. Dominant alleles means you have one copy of the gene or your heterozygous. Recessive alleles means you have two copies of the gene or your homozygous.

Genetics is the study of heredity genes, and traits. Like how our parents' traits and genes are passed down to us. Chromosomes are the huge chunk of genes that wrapped around the proteins. Humans are supposed to have the total of 46 chromosomes. Females have XX chromosomes and males have XY chromosomes. Chromosomes are passed down to offspring, as well as, genes. Also, Genes are strands of DNA; they are like the instructions manuals for our body. Genes are the one that code for the traits. Dominant and recessive traits are the two types of traits are that passed down to the offspring. Usually the offspring show the dominant traits since this trait is a lot stronger than recessive traits. There is a less chance that the offspring will show the recessive traits. Since the recessive traits can only appear if the dominant traits are absent.

Introduction: This essay will explore the cell cycle, cancer, cancer, mitosis and meioses, genetic variation, Mendelian genetics, and complex genetic inheritance. Each area will be broken down in further detail, and the result should demonstrate the knowledge learned on the subjects.

Physical development of the human begins at conception when the egg is fertilized by the sperm. Once the ovum is fertilized, the process of mitosis begins, allowing the cells to split and form the human being. Through this process, each parent contributes 23 chromosomes, which are present in every cell of our bodies, and are made up of DNA and genes (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015). The genes that we inherit from our parents determine our physical features, such as hair and eye color, and height. Furthermore, the combination of various genes within the body at the time of conception may result in the individual carrying unexpected traits and illnesses (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015).

This genetic material is found in the centre structure (known as the nucleus) of a cell. The human body is made up of millions of cells, in each cell there are 46 chromosomes - half from the mother and half from the father. out of the 46 chromosomes there are 23 pairs, one of these pairs - pair number 23 - are the sex chromosomes which determines the infants sex - XX female, XY male. The other 22 pairs are known as autosomes. These pairs are known as homologous chromosomes since they contain genes for the characteristics which are the same size and length. Gametes - sex cells - only contain one chromosome from each homologous pair, hence contain the haploid number (N).The allele - different versions of the same gene - pair for each characteristics is called the genotype, whereas the physical expression of the allele is the phenotype. Some alleles are dominate and some are recessive, the dominate gene always gets past on. A genetic disorder is a disease or condition caused by an absent or detective gene or a chromosomal aberration such as Down syndrome. - Reference

Chromosomes contain the genetic information that must be passed to each new generation of cells. Chromosomes are what you pass on to your children to make them who they are, it’s the DNA of a cell.

Genes come in different varieties, called alleles. Somatic cells contain two alleles for every gene, with one allele provided by each parent of an organism. Genotype refers to the information contained in an organisms DNA, or genetic material. Its phenotype is the physical

Cells are the basis for human life. During conception, a sperm cell joins a fertile egg to begin the process of procreation. Contained in the nucleus of these cells are a threadlike structure made up of acids and proteins called chromosomes which carry genetic information. Each human cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes in each cell for a total of 46 chromosomes (Wiseman et al., 2009). When a sperm cell with 23 chromosomes and an egg with 23 chromosomes unite, they begin to form a fetus with appropriate genetic makeup. In some cases, however, sperm cells and eggs have extra chromosomes which result in genetic disorders. Down syndrome is one of the most common genetic disorders in humans and is the result of an abnormality of chromosome 21 (Patterson, 2009).

The human body is made of cells. All of these cells contain a center, called a nucleus, in which genetic code of each human being is stored. This genetic material, known as genes, carries the codes responsible for all our inherited characteristics from the mother and the father. Genes are grouped along rod-like structures called chromosomes. Normally, the nucleus of each cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, half of which are inherited from each parent. In Down syndrome, however, the cells usually contain not 46, but 47 chromosomes. The extra chromosome, being a number 21. This excess genetic material, in the form of additional genes along the 21st chromosome, results in Down syndrome. Because 95 percent of all cases of Down syndrome occur because there are three copies of the 21st chromosome, it is often referred to as "trisomy 21." Chromosomes may be studied by examining blood or tissue cells. Individual chromosomes are identified, stained and numbered from largest to smallest. The visual display of the chromosomes is known as a karyotype.

DNA has the awesome structure known as a double helix. Even though we as people may have the same bases of DNA as a plant or animals, the way the DNA sequences appear, are very different. Both animal and plant DNA are made from the same four chemical building blocks that we have, adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. DNA sequencing is the procedure of determining the ordering of the base pairs in a section of DNA. The way the nucleotides are arranged, and the information they encode, decides whether the organism will produce scales or leaves – legs or a stalk. Every species has a characteristic number of chromosomes, called the chromosome number. Animals have more chromosomes; plants have fewer.