Is Leaching Hydrocarbons If It's Not Bituminous Asphalt?

Urbanisation is caused by people inhabiting the cities and towns moving away from rural areas. This can be a problem because it causes Overcrowding, waste accumulation, transport systems.

Bitumen is much different than regular crude oil and there are fewer studies on Bitumen and the toxic impacts it can have on human health and the natural environment. Bitumen is nearly impossible to clean up because unlike regular crude oil, it sinks

Stormwater runoff is the rain water or snowmelt, which does not percolate into the soil and flow over the land. Rapid urbanization and development of building, roads, parking lots and impervious surface has resulted in increase in velocity, volume and temperature of stormwater runoff and decrease in infiltration into the soil. Uncontrolled stormwater runoff is responsible for severe environmental damage i.e. soil erosion, flooding, biological habitat degradation etc. The stormwater runoff also picks up oil, grease, pollutant, trash, and other toxic substances, which are threat to aquatic life, human health, and wildlife habitat. Reduction in stormwater infiltration can lower groundwater recharge and affect supplies of drinking water. Soil erosion due to construction activities can contribute more sediments to stream compared to naturally deposited soil over several years. Excess sediments in the steam make the water murky affecting the aquatic plants, and aquatic wildlife.

People living in agricultural areas have commonly consumed groundwater from shallow groundwater wells (Chotpantart, et. al., 2013). In China, Groundwater is a valuable water resource. China has become well known with accelerated urbanization and industrialization processes (Bai, et. al., 2016). Urbanization, moving from rural areas to urban areas, is changing cities worldwide; though this has benefitted the economy and people’s living standards, it has also increased anthropogenic activities (Egodawatta, et. al., 2016). This increase in activities can enhance some pollutants in urban environments.

The environmental challenges the world is facing today are greater and more complex than ever before. Soon over 9 billion people will inhabit and share the planet, increasing demands for natural resources such as food and water, and for energy and more infrastructure are pushing nature to its limits. Urbanization continues to increase with no indication of stopping anytime soon, which means that the world needs to begin planning and supporting a more sustainable growth of the worlds cities. Through the incorporation of nature into city planning, sprawling urban areas can be transformed into healthy and thriving environments that many people want to reside in. Nature can aid cities in more effectively and efficiently managing their waters, as the fastest growing sources of water pollution are derived from waste water and runoff. Implementing properly designed green space within cities can help manage the amount of runoff from city streets and buildings entering clean waterways, and “upstream natural areas can potentially save cities millions of dollars in drinking water treatment” (“The Biggest Environmental Challenges”). Street trees can reduce air pollution and provide shade thus reducing and absorbing heat in urban areas, this can potentially save lives through the reduction particles in the air that cause respiratory issues and heat related ailments.

As the population is grows, more and more people are looking to cities for jobs and better lives for their families. Currently half of the world’s population lives in urban areas. By 2050 it is estimated that two thirds of the population will be living in urban areas (Leen). With people flooding into cities at such a fast rate there are many threats to be dealt with. The two most pressing ones are, poverty and environmental decay. The increased demands of urban life can lead to air and water pollution, high-energy consumption and garbage

are: Solids, Oxygen-demanding substances, Nitrogen and phosphorus, Pathogens, Petroleum hydrocarbons, Metals, Synthetic organics (EPAUS, 1999) .These pollutants decrease water quality in receiving waters near urban areas, and often contribute to the impairment of use and exceedances of criteria included in State water quality standards. (EPAUS, 1999)

There are also many more natural pollutants that are affecting the waterways.”Those include animal waste, litter, motor oil, yard clippings, fertilizers, pesticides,and soapy car

There are also industries that release their waste into water sources such as rivers thus tampering with the aquatic eco-system. Some industries also cause noise pollution thus causing disturbance to people residing around such areas. Other than industries, exhaustive fumes from vehicles have also contributed to the pollution of air with increased number of motor vehicles in urban areas. These vehicles introduce carbon dioxide into the atmosphere making it dangerous for human existence. Urban areas have also been considered to be the primary source of greenhouse gas emissions which account for more than 70 percent of global greenhouse gases that are

The increase in the number of individuals in the planet has established a boom in technology, and industry, which advances the problems in the economy, and contributes to the degradation of the environment. Evidently, the treatment and collection of the wastewater in urban areas poses a critical problem especially in developing countries. Wastewater is a practice that has been taken on especially in urban areas where the domestic effluent pollutes surface water bodies creating health problems for the public. In another word, any water that has been affected by anthropogenic influence. And Wastewater can produce a group of activity that consists of domestic activity, industrial activity, commercial activity, surface runoff or storm water, and from sewer inflow or infiltration. Wastewater is the most important thing that can help people moving comfortably for example when it is raining. Especially, when vehicles move around the city this Wastewater can reduce the hazards of sliding vehicles at road. Also, wastewater can avoid wastefulness of water and can help the agriculture environment by irrigation. On the top of that, the wastewater will help grow the lands when planet growing that will reflect to the air and will get pure air. And all people can get purified water from waste water by

Life cycle assessment (LCA) of pavement management systems have never been considered the energy consumption and emissions that resulted from different pavement maintenance and rehabilitation strategies to improve emission inventories. Some studies have illustrated that pavement roughness and friction factors with vehicle tires have changed over time generating more emissions and fuel consumption (Willis et al., 2015). Louhghalam et al. (2015) has developed a mechanical model and found that the energy dissipated in a vehicle suspension system due to pavement roughness affects rolling resistance, which increases FC and greenhouse gases (GHG) especially CO2 emissions (18). A case study by the U.S. Federal Highway Administration’s (FHWA) Long Term Performance Program (LTPP) showed the significant impact on fuel consumption (FC) with an increase of 30,000 gallons of fuel per mile over a 14-year test period due to pavement deterioration (19). Limsawasd et al. (2015) have developed a new model by considering the effect of pavement deterioration to analyze the rehabilitation of pavement surface to improve nation’s fuel economy to support transportation infrastructure decision-making. The model application demonstrates the significant impact of highway rehabilitation planning on fuel consumption on roadway

Use of reclaimed asphalt pavements in hot mix asphalt mixtures has evolved into a regular practice in many countries around the world. Use of these materials in the past has proved to be economical and environmentally sound. Incorporating RAP in virgin materials has been favored over virgin materials in the light of the increasing cost of asphalt, scarcity of quality aggregate, scarcity of asphalt and ‘pressuring need to preserve the environment. The literature survey contexts that use of reclaimed asphalt pavement is effective in improving the performance which is equal to or better than the virgin mixtures. Unfortunately, asphalt pavement recycling is yet to take off in India despite the current ambitious road building program underway.

Land city sewage. The land city sewage is also a source of oil pollution to the ocean while countries all over the world will discharge the untreated or insufficiently treated water waste into the ocean that may contain pollution components.

As water demand grows, urban towns are forced to rely on water sources that are farther from the city and more expensive to develop. The open surface water cannot be relied upon because of their high susceptibility to pollution and inadequate supply. In addition to being vulnerable to pollution, surface water sources are also

Land pollution is a major global health concern, and occurs when humans fail to manage their waste