Is Lm Model A Fundamental Tool?

Since the Central Bank has the exclusive right to issue money in the economy, it can have extensive influence on the determination of interest rate in financial markets and in the economy as a whole, by adjusting the interest rate on short-term loans to financial institutions. Central Bank interest rates on these loans therefore have the most immediate impact on other short-term interest rates in the money market. By influencing interest rates, monetary policy then has an effect on the savings and expenditure decisions of individuals and corporate.

The Federal Reserve is the single entity in control of the monetary policy of the United State of America. Monetary policy is the process that the Federal Reserve takes in order to control the supply of money and to attempt the control the direction of interest rates. The reason for doing these actions is in attempt to control the country’s inflation and employment rates, which are the biggest indicators and factors of a healthy economy.

Prices change because of the economy. Inflation is represented as a rise in the general price level. For example, prices of many goods and services such as housing, apparel, food, transportation, and fuel must be increasing in order for inflation to occur in the overall economy. If prices of just a few types of goods or services are growing, there isn’t necessarily inflation. Demand-Pull Inflation and Cost-Push In  cause an increase in the overall price level within an economy.  The Federal Reserve carried an informal inflation goal over a long period, only making its policy official in January of 2012, when it announced that it thought a policy which targets a 2% rate of inflation "is most consistent over the longer run with the Federal Reserve's statutory

Inflation is a general increase in the prices of all goods and services. Inflation occurs when the average level of prices in the economy increases over time. Even as overall prices are increasing, particular relative prices will change. The US Federal Reserve attempts to control and reduce inflation. Central banks focus is on strictly controlling inflation, protecting financial assets, and keeping labor markets strictly in check. Central Banks hold inflation more important than unemployment. Central Banks believe the only long-run impact of monetary policy is on the rate of inflation. They believe free-market forces in the real economy determine real output, employment, and productivity. To attain the targeted inflation rate, central banks influence credit creation and hence spending by frequently adjusting interest rates.

Monetary policy consists of specific changes in the money supply to influence interest rates which in return adjusts the level of spending in the economy. The goal of the policy is to achieve and maintain price stability, full employment, and economic growth. The regulation of the money supply and interest rates are controlled by a central bank, such as the Federal Reserve Board in the U.S., in order to control inflation. Monetary policy is only one of the two ways the government can affect the economy. By altering the effective cost of money, the Federal Reserve can ultimately change the amount of money that is spent by consumers and businesses.

As we learned in the book, the negative inflation causes an increase in the demand for bonds, because of the decrease in expected return on real assets. This in turn caused the demand curve to shift to the right. The negative inflation also raised the real interest rate, thereby causing the supply of bonds to adjust, moving the supply curve to the left. In the end this led to an increase in the bond price and a decrease of interest rates.

Well, the real interest rate always is positive and this means we have a long-term deflation. This also implies that central bank should make the rate of deflation same to rate of real interest. As the rate of deflation equal to the real rate of interest, people who hold the money would not loss in value of money when inflation happened.

Theories about how the economy works and what will happen in the economy where there is monetary policy or fiscal policy intervention are appropriate in assisting policy-makers understand the possible implications of decisions they make or are under consideration. However, they are rarely complete models and often outcomes cannot be predicted. Reintroduction of a theory suggests that new evidence in support of the theory has been reported.

Monetary policy, ‘The government’s policy relating to the money supply, bank interest rates, and borrowing’ (Collin: 130), is another tool available to the government to control inflation. Figure 4 shows, that by increasing the interest rate (r), from r1 to r2, the supply of money (ms) is reduced from Q1

When dealing with interest rates and inflation the standard equation that is used is Fisher equation. What the fisher equation explains is that the real interest rate and expected inflation equals to the nominal interest rate (it = rt + Etπt+1) This means that a rise in expected inflation causes lenders to raise their nominal interest rates as there would be a decrease in the value of their loans due to purchasing power of repayments being lower and this causes the decline in investment as borrowing costs rise.

The RBA conducts monetary policy either by a contractionary policy, raising interest rates to fight high levels of inflation or an expansionary policy, reducing real interest rates to fight recession. The inverse relationship between real interest rates and household consumption as presumed by Keynesian model means, implementing either monetary policies will resolve in a transmission mechanism to interest rates and affect several components of PAE. How the overnight cash rate is successfully targeted and how this affects economy wide interest rates will be explained as well as a list underlying forces will be provided illustrating why monetary policy transmission channel fail to work.

In simple terms the monetary policy consist of different measures controls used in managing monetary variables such as money supply, credit supply,intrest rate. In order to achieve price financial system stability, with in the domestic economy. The monetary policy variables tend to be price levels, which influence real income, interest rate which affect the cost of production credit supply

Taylor (1993) notes that in response to the price level changes or the real income fluctuations, good policy rules generally demand the alteration of the federal funds rates.

These conclusions correspond to the claim of the quantitative theory that money is the primary determinant of nominal income. If thus the rate of money circulation does not change (here the rate need not necessarily by a constant ), then money exclusively determines changes in the price level and nominal income, so monetary policy can, through regulating the development of the individual money aggregates (M1, M2, etc.), influence macroeconomic variables and predict their development.

Monetary policy involves manipulating the interest rate charged by the central bank for lending money to the banking system in an economy, which influences greatly a vast number of macroeconomic variables. In the UK, the government set the policy targets, but the Bank of England and the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) are given authority and freedom to set interest rates, which is formally once every month. Contractionary monetary policy may be used to reduce price inflation by increasing the interest rate. Because banks have to pay more to borrow from the central bank they will increase the interest rates they charge their own customers for loans to recover the increased cost. Banks will also raise interest rates to encourage people to save more in bank deposit accounts so they can reduce their own borrowing from the central bank. As interest rates rise, consumers may save more and borrow less to spend on goods and services. Firms may also reduce the amount of money they borrow to invest in new equipment. A