Is Modernisation Theory Truly Eurocentric

In Chapter 2 of Ancestral Lines, Barker explores many concepts relating to the Maisins methodology of subsistence. Barker outlines three main methodologies that the Maisin use to sustain their lifestyle: horticulture, reciprocal relationships and trade. The major items needed for the Maisin to subsist include food,Tapa cloth and a social system (Barker 2016; ). When discussing the concept of horticulture and its importance Barker specifically references the garden as a means of not only providing food for families but also determining gender roles, connecting with ancestors, developing morals and establishing a political identity (Barker 2016; ). The concept of the garden liases with his exploration of the role of different reciprocal relationships

people of this region are known as being farmers. Although there are many non-farmers in this

Arembepe in the 1960’s consisted of only 159 households (730 people), which made up the small village community. Malnutrition, poor public health, and high infant mortality struck the village during this time. Traveling to and from Arembepe proved difficult because it lacked paved roads. Hardly any people ever visited the village, which is why Kottak often referred to it as being isolated from the rest of the world. Having no electricity in the village also proved a real struggle for communication to the outside world. 74% of men in Arembepe worked as fishermen and 11% worked in business (Kottak 50). In order to make a good living, it was very common for men to have more than one job. Women would cook, clean, make items for fishing, and help run stores. Overall, Arembepe in the 1960’s was not a stratified society, but that was soon going to change.

Due to their living conditions, the culture and society of the Hmong and can be compared to that of an agrarian culture and agrarian society (Turner 1984). For example, the Hmong has always turned to agriculture wherever they lived as a prime source to obtain food and as an opportunity to earn an income whether it be selling or trading their crops. Even today, where some of the Hmong’s living in the United States could still be found farming and selling crops at local farmers markets as their primary source of

It indicates that those inhabitants are absolutely affected by their agrarian ideals. In order to survive in that system, there should be a strong sense of faithfulness among them. Above all, the whole system is holistic rather than individualistic.

Jiro Tanaka’s research on the Central Kalahari San explored the changes in the San society and determined the overall effects on the culture. Tanaka looked at a group of people who had recently switched from a hunting and gathering existence to a more sedentary way of life. She found that though there were differences in the everyday lives of the San, they were able to preserve their language, cultural identity, and egalitarian ideals.

How does a country go from being a mostly agrarian based economy, with less than 10% of their population in cities (Uno), to a leading industrial power? Many factors contributed to it however it was not until 1978 that the economy boomed as “Prior to the 1978 reforms

The two theories which shall be compared are the modernisation theory and Neo Liberalism. The modernisation theory is a market oriented development theory which states that low income countries can develop economically if they give up their traditional ways which often can be dated back centuries and take on more modern economic principles, technologies and cultural values which comprise of an emphasis on productive investment and savings.

The inequality that farming brought led to extremes in human welfare. However, farming also brought structure and a willingness to compromise in order to avoid conflict that wasn’t present in foraging societies. When this transition was made, it was undoubtedly difficult for society to adjust. People were not accustomed to living in close proximity for long periods of time and as a result, early farming societies were often brutal in their lifestyles, with hard work and fear being the center place. Compared to the foraging life of little work and being able to leave when disagreements arose, this was a difficult situation. But as time passed, people became more aware of how to coexist more

Research is a systematized body of knowledge. The reliability and legitimacy of research findings depend upon methodological framework engaged. Methodology is logic of scientific investigation. This chapter deals the methodology part which helped formulation of the study in systematic manner. It begins with research design, the methodology approved to gain the objectives of the present study also presents the features of the area and the region; the data collection method got the tool which has used for collect data and the data analysis done. Therefore the present study on, “A Study of Gond Tribe: Livelihood Opportunities and challenges. has an elaborate methodological process with analytical techniques achieving the set of objectives.

The infrastructure development, in-migration, massive expansion of oil palm, rubber and other commodities seems to be continued in East Kalimantan which supported by national private companies. On the other hand the rural people are still practicing swidden agriculture for subsistence as well as the way life. In Matalibaq village in particular where more than 90% of villagers practicing conventional agriculture are becoming aware of the need to improve the swidden system for a better economic. However they still unsure of the economic advantages of the daleh system, so that during the field observation they were interviewed about the swidden system and the conclusion as shown on Table 4 below.

The present study aimed at exploring the subject of livelihood opportunities and challenges to Gond tribes in Gondia district of Maharashtra. Furthermore it sought to examine the socio-economic conditions of Gond tribes in same region. The study followed mixed research with both quantitative and qualitative methodologies using semi-structured interview, interview to key stake holders and non-participatory observation. Data for study was collected through closed ended as well as open ended questions from 40 head of the households. Some of the key findings include failure of agriculture, primitive economy, as a cause of high level of poverty and lack of availability and access to resources and services, thereby reinforcing the need

Questionnaire was chosen to gather information on villagers since; adequate information can be collected from a large size of the villagers in a short period of time and in a cost effective manner. Also, the information captured from villagers and quantified through the use of charts, graphs and table with limited effects to its validity and reliability. The structured questions allowed for exploration of the pattern and trends, which aided in understanding the awareness of villagers. Its context

Abstract: The present study was carried out in six villages of the Halwabagh block of Almora district. A total of 60 respondents were selected randomly for the questionnaire based study to identify the major causes of migration from the hills to the plains. Findings revealed that the major cause of migration was unemployment (65%) which was followed by lack of quality education (22%) and drastic conditions for agriculture (13%). Lack of livelihood sources like large or small scale factories, industries, etc. in rural areas also compels the people to migrate to the plains. Besides unemployment the other causes of migration are lack of quality education and progressive decline in agricultural production, the probable causes of which might be the changes in climate, proliferation of invasive species and the damage caused by wild animals, especially wild boars and monkeys. It is, therefore, suggested that

This report explores the viability and sustainability of “Kithul” farming as an industry. It discusses to a certain extent the challenges and difficulties faced by the industry and positive ways to improve and develop the same by the introduction of new technologies. It also discusses the possibility of earning foreign exchange for the country and to create employment opportunities for its younger generation.