Is Morphine Or Meperidine Better At Treating Pain Patients With Pancreatitis?

First of all the author provides a well know resource The World Health Organization. This Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations who has been around for many years. It’s a well reliable facility which provides estimates of patients who obtain pain medication for chronic pain. The author also states that the drug is a stimulant that relieves severe pain and produces a highly addictive powerful feeling of well – being. (Berrettini, 2016)

Narcotic analgesics, especially morphine are underused for pain control with in the medical field. This underuse is because medical professionals, including doctors, fear patient addiction, side effects and possible lose of their licenses. These fears deny adequate healing and a better quality of life to those who would benefit from a more effective use of these drugs, as done in hospice care.

Fun fact, in the UK, some hospitals use diamorphine, a generic name of heroin to prescribed as a strong pain medication in patients suffering from myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses. It is still given over there, instead of using Morphine, because some hospital state it a lot better from pain

Considerable cautions have been obtained throughout the United States to decrease the misuse of prescription opioids and helps to minimize opioid overdoses and related complications. Even though the pain medications have a significant part in the treatment of acute and chronic pain situations, it sometimes happen that the high dose prescription or the prescribed medications, without having enough monitoring, can create bad outcomes. It is always a dilemma for the providers to find who is really in need of pain medications and to identify those who are questionably misusing opioids.

Incretin based drugs have proven to be effective glucose-lowering agents (Butler et al, 2013). But there have been concerns with respect to the long-term consequences of using such therapies. The issues raised were regarding their causal relationship with acute pancreatitis (AP). There are clearly conflicting evidence that have been presented in preclinical studies and in epidemiologic studies which suggest an association which may or may not be a causal relationship between these drugs and AP. (Butler et al, 2013)

The practice of patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) has been around for approximately four decades now. During this time there have been improvements to the technology and the understanding of how to use this form of patient pain control; however, there continues to be concern related to the safety and efficacy of PCA. As this analysis proceeds it will briefly explain what PCA is and how it is used, then delve into the benefits and the safety issues surrounding PCA use as it pertains to the patient and the nurse. Some of the benefits of PCA include improved pain management, improved use of nursing resources, increased patient satisfaction, and reduced pulmonary issues (Hicks, Sikirica, Nelson, Schein & Cousins, 2008). Some of the safety

In 2014, more people died from drug overdoses then in any other year on record. A substantial amount of deaths were due to drug overdose on opioids, according to the CDC. (2015:64). In 1901, surgeon Racoviceanu-Pitesti published his first report on opioids for intrathecal anesthesia. In 1979, a report on the use of morphine as a treatment for pain was made, by Behar and his colleagues. Epidural and spinal opioids are today part of a routine regimen for intra- and postoperative anesthesia, according to Fisher (2003:683). Historically opioids have been used as painkillers, however the potential for misuse is huge; when these are used repeatedly, it increases the risk of developing an addiction. The use of illegal opiate drugs such as heroin

In the United States, opioids have become a major component in healthcare because they are an exceptional method of relieving pain. For those who are recovering from a recent inpatient surgery or those with cancer who are in a great deal of pain, it is a necessity. A known problem with opioids is that they are addictive, which leads to overuse of the medication by the patient. Opioids are also highly sought after as a street drug, this leads to patients exaggerating their pain level in order to receive more pills and selling their excess medication to others. Doctors will often prescribe opioids to patients who do not need such an aggressive form of pain relief, for example, people with arthritis or who have gone through a minor outpatient surgery. This can lead to a long-term use of these pain relieving drugs and possible addiction, which goes against the original purpose of opioids. In order to solve America’s dependence on opioids, medical professionals must go back to the original method of prescribing them, that is, only short-term use for people recovering from surgeries or in pain due to cancer, instead of a long-term solution for acute pain.

There are many various kinds of prescription of pain relievers, which include: opioids, corticosteroids, antidepressants and anticonvulsants (anti-seizure medications). Among them I would like to focus on opioid medications and its side effects. Opioid medications are narcotic pain medications that contain natural poppy plant, synthetic opiates such as; methadone, fentanyl, tapentadol and tramadol, as well as the semi- synthetic opioids such as; oxycodone, hydrocodone, oxymorphone, hydromorphone and heroin. Opioid prescriptions are morphine (C17H19NO3), heroin (C21H23NO5), codeine (C18H21NO3) and thebaine (C19H21NO3). They are highly addictive substances are called opiates. Opioid medications have been used for hundreds and thousands of years to treat both pain and mental health problems. It is also use in a short-term pain after surgery. According to the survey in the past two decades, the prescription of opioid in the United States has been increased to the higher levels that is more than 600% (Paulozzi & Baldwin, 2012). However, that opioid medications are very dangerous to the patients’ respiratory system, other parts of the internal body and even can cause death. It should be only being use after wise discernment and with a great care.

Opioid medications are frequently prescribed for severe pain. Opioids includes the pain medications like oxycodone, hydrocodone, morphine, and fentanyl as well as the illegal drug heroin (American Society of Addiction Medication, 2016). Many people rely on these drugs to relieve their pain from surgery, active cancer, chronic pain and end of life care (WebMD, 2017). Studies from the 2012 National Health Interview show that over 11% of adults report having chronic pain (Dowell, Haegerich & Chou, 2016). The opioid epidemic is a significant issue for nursing on the main respect that there is currently a problem with over- prescribing of narcotics and the millions of people addicted to opioid medications

Opioids are effective for the treatment of acute pain, such as pain following surgery. They have also been found to be important in palliative care (hospice) to help with the severe, chronic, disabling pain that may occur in some terminal conditions such as cancer. In many cases opioids are successful long-term care strategies for those with chronic cancer pain (CCP). There are not many alternatives for those with CCP like there are for those suffering acute or chronic non cancer pain (CNCP). In one study, conducted by Furlan et al. (2006), opioids were effective in the treatment of CNCP overall; they reduced pain and improved functional outcomes better than placebo. Strong opioids (oxycodone and morphine) were significantly superior, to naproxen and nortriptyline (respectively) for pain relief but not for functional outcomes. Unfortunately, Weak opioids (propoxyphene, tramadol and codeine) did not significantly outperform NSAIDs or TCAs for either pain relief or functional outcomes. Overall, if opioids are

This study is credible and reliable because it was carried out by professional who are doctors in their field at either hospital or universities. If we also view the Long-term Opioid Therapy for Chronic Pain and the Risk of Opioid Addiction by Burgess, H. J., Siddiqui, A., M.D., & Burgess, Frederick W,M.D., PhD., whom conduct their own research in the opioid addiction field. Their researched was conducted within the United State of America on Rates of opioid pain reliever (OPR) overdose death, OPR treatment admissions, and kilograms of OPR-sold – between 1999–2012. (Burgess, Harrison J; Siddiqui, Afreen, MD Author Information Burgess, Frederick W, MD,

Opioid-induced adverse effects are a very interesting topic and does play a big part in patient safety. It’s estimated that more than half of older adults who reside in a healcre related community have a chronic pain disorder, with the long-term care setting rate of prevalence substantially increased (up to almost 90%). Physicians across all care settings are tasked with the daunting challenge of providing pain relief while, at the same time, minimizing opioid-induced side effects. Some of the common opioid-induced side effects are Constipation, Nausea, Vomiting, Pruritus, Sweating, Sedation, Fatigue, Headache, Delirium, Confusion, Clouded vision, Dizziness, Xerostomia, Postural Hypotension, Bladder Dysfunction such as Urinary Retention,

Meperidine treats moderate-to-severe pain and is a Schedule 2 opioid. A metabolite of meperidine can accumulate in the body with regular use leading to seizures and kidney damage. Although not as popular or available as oxycodone, meperidine has a high potential for abuse.

The CDC conducted a study to test the effects of longterm opioid use in adult patients dealing with chronic pain. It is estimated that 11.2% of adult patients suffer with some form of chronic pain lasting 3 months or more. The study utilized two styles of methodologies to assess and reach their findings, Meta-analysis and GRADE, Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation. Drawing information from patients being treated on a continues bases; palliative (hospice/nursing homes) and end of life care excluding those with an active cancer treatment. The study is meant to be an aid for clinicians as a guide that