Is Rhodococcus Equi Virulence Plasmids?

Plasmid map of pRSETB. Primers were designed to amplify via PCR to cDNA. The PCR product was digested with XhoI and EcoRI enzymes and ligated into the pRSETB plasmid. The pRSETB plasmid contains a T7 promoter region, is ampicillin resistant, inducible with Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside IPTG, a molecular mimic of a lactose metabolite that triggers transcription of the lac operon, and has XhoI and EcoRI cut sites. The pRSETB plasmid is transformed into dH5α E. coli and plated on carbenicillin plates. Colonies are selected and grown on a carbenicillin plate while PCR is used to check that the plasmid that was up-taken was not

The bacteria, Yersinia pestis, is encoded with two specific plasmids that aid in the transfer and survival of the bacteria, especially in the wild. Both of these plasmids must be present on the bacteria for full virulence of the organism. The largest of the extrachromosomal elements, with typical strains of ~100 kb, is the Murine toxin plasmid (pFra), a capsule protein. pFra is characterized by two specific factors: FI capsular protein antigen and YMT. The second plasmid, Pesticin plasmid named pPla after the plasminogen activator, happens to be the smallest of the plasmids. The bacteriocin (pesticin;Pst) and the bilanolysin and coagulase activities are found to be connected with one another and aids the former organism of Yersinia in the invasion of "the host from peripheral sites" (Carniel 41). After the bacteria is injected through a bite of the rat flea, Yersinia pestis affects the immune system similar to the bacterial agent, Bacillis anthracis. By having a Type III secretion system, the bacteria are able to find "a means ? to target virulence factors directly at host cells". The common Yersinia encoded plasmid molecule, pYV (or pLcr), found on the bacteria specifically aids in the injection of cytotoxic proteins into the macrophages, preventing the

Escherichia coli, is a gram negative, rod-shaped bacterium that can be found in the digestive tracts of humans and animals, it is an important beneficial bacteria for many organisms, it inhibits the growth of pathogenic species such as Salmonella and aids in digestion. The strains are distinguished from the presence of two surface

One of the four ways that bacteria can increase their genetic diversity is by conjugation. This is a process by which a bacterium can transfer genetic material to another bacterium of different mating type, through direct contact. During conjugation one bacterium is going to be the receptor of the genetic material while the other is going to be the donor. The donor bacterium is going to grow a tube-like structure called a pilus, which is going to be used to contact the other bacterium and to transfer the genetic material. Usually these genetic material is going to have the form of plasmid, which are small circular pieces of non-chromosomal DNA. Another method that bacteria have developed in order to acquire different DNA is transformation. These is a process by which some bacteria can get pieces of DNA from the external environment, under certain circumstances. Transformation occur naturally in Bacillus, and some Streptococcus and Staphylococcus species. The third means by which bacteria obtain new DNA is by the acquisition of plasmids. These plasmids can travel between bacteria of the same or different species, and the act like parasitic pieces of DNA that infect bacteria. Usually these plasmids are not required for the normal function of bacteria and is often expel by them, unless it contains material beneficial

My best bacterial friend has genes that has antibiotic resistance that I must have. There are many different ways for me to get ahold of them or transferred into my genes. One way to receive the gene is by the use of a plasmid. A plasmid is circular piece of replicating dna that is separate from chromosomal dna. In order to manipulate the plasmids, i will need to mutate them by using restriction enzymes, PCR, and ligation. Being able to use restriction enzymes to cut portions of genomes and have them inserted into a plasmid, make it easy for mutations (mutagenesis) to occur. Also, PCR can enable mutagenesis. Each plasmid is mapped out with information that includes the restriction enzyme sites and the origins of their replications. I could

The bacterial capsule which includes serotype specific antibodies has a critical role to play in the virulence of this organism (Smith et al, 2006). The other virulence factors include;

Restriction fragment length polymorphism utilizes restriction endonucleases and gel electrophoresis to confirm the similarity of several DNA samples. Fragments formed by restriction digest of the DNA molecules of several samples are run on an agarose gel; samples containing the same DNA will exhibit similar band patterns. For the investigation of an aggressive infectious disease caused by a new strain of bacteria that has acquired multiple resistance plasmids from other bacterial strains, restriction digest is performed on bacterial DNA samples isolated from patients stricken with the disease and on five plasmid samples using PstI and EcoRI. Agarose gel electrophoresis was executed for the six samples and the bands were compared and analyzed. The purpose of this experiment is to identify the bacterial strain responsible for causing the new disease using techniques described above. The crime scene sample contains fragments of the following molecular masses: 7992.82 bp, 4731.51 bp, 3767.04 bp, and 2676.09 bp, and the Suspect 3 sample contains fragments at the following molecular weights: 11251.2 bp, 7992.82 bp, 4624.88 bp, 3599.15 bp, and 2615.77 bp. Because four fragments of both samples are of similar molecular weights, Suspect 3 was identified as the bacterial strain responsible for causing the disease.

Over two decades ago, researches at Umea University in Sweden made an astounding discovery. They found out that bacteria can multiply disease-inducing genes that are essential to spread the infection quickly, focusing on a particular bacteria called Yersinia and on its structure called T3SS that allows it to transfer bacterial proteins into the host cell and destroy its metabolism. The T3SS is made up by more than 20 proteins that are membrane embedded. When the infection process starts, the bacteria receive an external signal from the host environment and begin to assemble the constituents of the secretion system. The characteristic of T3SS is the needle also called injectisome. The Bacterial proteins pass from the bacterial cytoplasm through the needle into the host cytoplasm, there are three membranes between the two cytoplasms .The needle provides a smooth passage through membranes, it starts at the cytoplasm of the bacterium pass through the two membranes and projects from the cell,

Bacterial transformation is the result that occurs when exogenous genetic material is inserted into a prokaryotic cell. The new genotypic makeup translates into a new phenotypic expression. In the case of the lab, the plasmid, pGreen was introduced to the experimental group. In both the control and the experimental group, the existing bacteria was E. Coli MM294. Plasmids are parts of DNA that carry genes. The particular plasmid that was used in this lab was pGreen, which carries the genes GFP and ampR. GFP codes for a protein that makes the bacteria a fluorescent green color and ampR codes for a protein that makes the bacteria resistant to ampicillin, an antibiotic. The fluorescent green color is a trait needed for identification while the ampicillin resistance is crucial for the survival for the bacterial colonies.

However, there is increasing evidence of so-called eukaryotic bacterial genes, or genes present in bacterial genomes that have some sort of eukaryotic origin or function. These eukaryotic bacterial genes are primarily of concern in determining virulence factors of human pathogens. As defined below, bacterial genes can be evolutionarily or functionally eukaryotic, or both. Presence of either type of gene would indicate some interaction between bacteria and eukaryotes, the most oft studied of which are pathogenic interactions. Discovering eukaryotic bacterial genes is particularly important in pathogens that secrete effectors to be taken up by host eukaryotic cells. These effectors tend to modulate host cell functions, so there would be some logic in these effectors being encoded by eukaryotic genes. Most research has been

The biochemical has allowed me to find the bacterium, which was identified as Streptococcus pneumonia. In 1881 Streptococcus pneumonia was isolated by Louis Pasteur, the species was known as pneumococcus due to its role in the disease, pneumonia. In 1926 it was termed diplococcus pneumonia due to its propensity to exist in pairs of cells, but in 1974 it was renamed Streptococcus pneumoniae due to its formation of chains in liquid. It also played a key role in history molecular genetics. It has shown the significant increase in antibiotic resistance because it is due to its use of natural transformation system used for genetic exchange and can develop resistance to antibiotics through mutation and natural selection. Streptococcus pneumoniae is known to cause pneumonia, a disease of the upper respiratory tract that causes illness and death all over the world. The symptoms of pneumoniae is when you cough greenish or yellow mucous, fever, chills, shortness of breath and chest pain. The bacteria enter the body by inhalation of small water droplets. To treat bacterial infections cause by Streptococcus pneumoniae is the treatment

Theses altering phenotypes are commonly associated with pathogenicity and virulence of a bacterium. In high numbers bacteria gain strength by secreting virulence factors responsible for pathogenesis. Biofilm infections are often resistance to extreme levels of antibiotic and it is often considered chronic and persistent. Li, Y.-H., & Tian, X.

Bacterial transformation is the process of moving genes from a living thing to another with the help of a plasmid.The plasmid is able to help replicate the chromosomes by themselves; laboratories use these to aid in gene multiplication. Bacterial transformation is relevant in everyday lives due to the fact that almost all plasmids carry a bacterial origin of replication and an antibiotic resistance gene(“Addgene: Protocol - How to Do a Bacterial

After being transformed into bacterial system and grow overnight, the mutated plasmid needs to be isolate from the system which is based on the different denatured stage of bacterial genome and mutated plasmid DNA (3). With this step, the first centrifugation allows the separation of the growth media and bacterial cells; the added lysis solution is able to denature the bacterial genome and mutated plasmid DNA; the neutralization solution is

A gene must be transferred from one plasmid to another in order to give that organism a selective advantage e.g. antibiotic resistance. However, Bacteria have been industrialized that are resistant to antibiotics such as penicillin which is a result of the misuse of antibiotics. Resistance arises as changes or mutations within the bacteria’s genes develop, which help bacteria grow that are resistant to antibiotics and therefore have an advantage. From researching journals, I found that Pseudomonas Aeruginosa resistance poses threats to human and animal health as the body no longer has the defences to protect against the bacteria. Altogether 77 isolates were tested and out of 77, 13 where negative for the presence of class 2 integrase gene (Olga et al, 2016). Only the most beneficial bacteria are selected to carry plasmids and so natural section is an important factor so that only those of the greatest advantage are selected. There are various different types of plasmids some of which include F-plasmids for expression of the sex pilli, resistant plasmid that provides resistance against antibiotics or poisons, col plasmid which contain proteins that kill or