Is The Ottoman-Mamluk War And Its Long-Term Effect On Egypt?

The years 1450-1800 was a crazy, but significant time, for both the Spanish and Ottoman Empires. This period of around 400 years was a time full of change, in that both of these empires were claiming their territories, creating their governments, trading, undergoing social changes, and the establishing their wealth. However, these two empires became a dominant force throughout the world. Both had many similarities and differences in which we see politically, economically, and socially.

At the end of the Middle Kingdom, the Hyksos people invaded Egypt. The Hyksos most likely migrated from Western Asia in Syria-Palestine, but have no clear origin where they are from. The Egyptians called these people hikau-khausut which means "ruler of the foreign countries”. The Hyksos were technologically advanced and because of that they had a strong military. The Egyptians had been isolated from the growing and progressing world by the deserts which surround the country. Because of this isolation, the Egyptians were unprepared for any attack and had a weaker military force. Instead of protecting themself they relied on their natural borders to shelter them from invasion. When the Hyksos invaded Egypt, they left a lasting impact on Egypt’s lifestyle by introducing the Egyptians to different trade methods, diversifying their economy, and exposed exposing them to new military techniques.

“As a result of the Hyksos wars, Egypt was no longer isolated and before long began to play a full part in the developments and trade of the Eastern Mediterranean.” (Grimal)

·Who: The British in control of Egypt, commanded by General Sir John Maxwell and Major-General A. Wilson (150 dead) VS the Turkish commanded by Djemal Pasha (1400 Dead).

The Ottoman Empire actually began to take shape several centuries before the dawn of the early modern period. However, its complete development didn’t take place until 1453 when a Turkish conquest resulted in control of Constantinople. The Ottomans, also known as the Osmanli group of Turks, were not the original Turkish people involved in Middle Eastern affairs. The success of the Ottoman Empire rested on two main

Islam soon acquired vast amounts of territory in Afro-Eurasia, and according to the map, “The Growing Worlds of Islam (900-1500),” it occupied an area from parts of central Asia to West Africa and Eastern Europe by the start of the sixteenth century. This map documents the phases of the growth of Islam for six hundred years, which combined with further analysis will reveal each step in the conquest of each new phase of territory. Controlling all of these nations created standardized trade and common business practices throughout the empire. Using already intact trade routes, such as the Silk Roads, documented in the map provided as document 1, the Islamic empire built an economic system that was unified by common religious beliefs. Comparing the trade routes mapped on both the Silk Roads map and the “The Growing Worlds of Islam (900-1500)” map, one can see that they are very similar, suggesting that they remained the same and that the Islamic empire just took over the control of each. Yet it was not just the Silk Roads that saw a revival at the hands of Muslim commercial excursions. The Mediterranean and Indian Ocean sea routes, as well as the trans-Saharan routes were given new life as well due to the Islamic empire. These routes not only produced trade, but they also opened up opportunities for new agricultural products and a sharing of ideas and innovations. These

Before the sixteenth century, the Ottoman and Safavid empires flourished. However, later on both empires underwent dramatic change and political and economic troubles weakened them. From 1500 to 1800, in the Eastern Mediterranean region, the Ottoman and Safavid empires both fell due to economic difficulties and military decline however, their religious conflicts differed. Both the Safavid and Ottoman empires experienced decline due to extreme economic difficulties. By the eighteenth century, domestic economies were under great stress and foreign trade had declined drastically.

Beginning from when Sargon I of Akkad built the worlds first empire, many empires have since then been established and now hold a name that are both as eminent and momentous. Two of these such empire are the Spanish and the Ottoman Empires, which began to establish and expand around the time of 1450-1800. Although separate and located in different parts of the world, the Ottoman and Spanish Empires share many similarities, as well as many differences in their empire building process.

The Early Modern Period was a time of growth and development for many empires over the globe, but namely two empires saw significant changes in their empire as the Early Modern Period advanced. The Ottoman and Spanish maritime empires saw significant changes, whether successes or failures, in their respective empires as the period continued. Both empires held similar political ideologies for success through conquest, possessed different ideologies towards religion and its importance within the empire, and ultimately saw a devastating demise due to their own administrations

The Ottoman and Safavid Empires share many similarities. Their courts were set-up alike, each empire advanced artistically, and both were deeply rooted within the Islam religion. Although these empires were alike in many ways, the form of Muslim each empire adopted were different. This paper will focus on the religion used by both empires as a pillar to governing its people, but also the differences between the sub-cultures adopted by each empire.

The Ottoman Empire rise after the fall of Baghdad to the Mongols. Consolidate their empire the sultans formed fighters group of slaves & Christian converts to Islam

Much of the Middle East experienced centuries of Ottoman rule, generally from the mid-sixteenth century up until the declining years of the nineteenth century. The Ottomans' hold on the Middle East was often tenuous and frequently interrupted. Perhaps the biggest relic of British rule was the institution of monarchy, which they secured in almost all the lands they ruled. Nevertheless, the powerful forces uniting the Middle East have at times also been sources of division and conflict. In many historical episodes subtle differences in dialect or ethnic identity have served as powerful catalysts for the communication of national or sub national loyalties.

The analyzed source document entitled The Accounts of The Arab Conquest of Egypt, 642, was written around the tenth century by Sawirus ibn al-Muqaffa, a Coptic Bishop located in al-Ashmunein in upper Egypt. The piece recounts a dream by Roman Emperor Heraclius (c. 575-641), the movement and eventual occupation of the Muslim army in Egypt, the battles fought, the posture of Islam with regard to the predominant Christian presence, the conquest of Alexandria and, the subsequent outcomes. The compilation and timeline of events in the Coptic piece provide the historical community a record to compare and contrast to other records. The context shows how the occupation of Egypt unfolded, who were the major influences –both religious and official – and attempts to demonstrate humanity and respect levels in times of war beyond the face of the battles.

British and French were main actors in that period which came after the collapse of ottoman power and state formation. After the industrial revolution and Enlightment, there was a new need for raw materials that counts as the main reason of the European mandate over Middle East(Fawcett, 2005).At that period the states were existed, but not every element of a modern state, because they were under other powers and there were only conflicts, resistance of self-determination, and

Ancient Egyptian civilization is known for its impressive achievements in art, architecture, scripture, medicine and more. In its earliest stages, geographical location and natural boundaries such as the Nile River, desert landscapes and Mediterranean Sea provided vital protection to ancient Egypt from any foreign invasion. Over the years, as threats became more apparent, and the ancient Egyptian civilization went through a series of militaristic restructures in order to become one of the most powerful civilizations in the ancient near east. “Warfare in Ancient Egypt” by Anthony Spalinger analyzes and explains the chronological development of warfare in ancient Egyptian civilization and their significance in the larger context of the ancient near east. Throughout his analysis, he develops the understanding of socio-political effects of the military system while expressing the idea that warfare developed Egypt as a centralized, hierarchical organization. As a result, the development of warfare in ancient Egyptian civilization led to the continuity of the civilization for years to come. In this essay, we will analyze “Warfare in Ancient Egypt” by asking three separate questions: Is the essay easy to understand? Is the essay informative? And finally, would you recommend this essay to another reader?