Is There A Downside To Expertise?

Bandura suggested children learn from watching adults – referred to as ‘Bobo doll experiment’. Three groups of children watched a film of a variation in behaviour in adults towards a doll.

In the essay “Practical Experience Trumps Fancy Degrees” the author is explaining how people who earn their Bachelor’s degree could read the books and earn their diplomas, but cannot apply what they learned to building successful enterprises. He uses his own personal experience to facilitate his argument. He never went to college and started his own, successful rock record label where he started with just putting $800.00 into the company. He claims he learned through trial and error. He also states that “if you have a brand that you care about and loyal, hardworking employees coupled with a robust network of smart financial advisers, fellow entrepreneurs, and good legal back up, you will excel.” While this piece is a good argument for how

seen and provide a way that afterwards the child can then understand and be able to communicate what they have seen effectively. These skills are all very crucial in helping children and young people to learn and manage how to listen and understand different concepts. They can then have a chance to develop their own opinions and ideas to then be able to participate in different decision making and problem solving in appropriate ways. Babies are nonverbal so to begin with they use sounds and facial expressions to communicate to adults expressing themselves and their needs (e.g. smiling, cooing and gurgling). Toddlers then start to have a small understanding and can use words and gestures to make connections to people and be able to develop their knowledge and understanding

Laura Schulz’s presentation, The Surprisingly Logical Minds of Babies, explores the idea of how babies and young children are able to learn so much in such a short span of time. In Schulz’s presentation, the viewers see multiple video experiments where she introduces babies to different balls and toys that make noises. I choose to explain and break down the first experiment, that she discusses. In the first experiment Schulz has a colleague reach into a bucket with mostly blue balls and a few yellow balls. The colleague pulls out three of the balls and when she takes each ball out she squeaks them. The colleague then pulls out a yellow ball and hands it to the baby. The child copies what Schulz’s colleague has done, but however the

1) According to Dillard, lovers and the knowledgeable can see well. Yet she also suggests that those who are knowledgeable on a topic, such as people who have been blind from birth and can suddenly see (due to an opperation), can perhaps view more objectively the world around them, and see it in a way that those with vision from birth cannot. Infants, she says, can see very clearly, for they are viewing the world for the first time, and can observe the colors and the light with no prejudgments, but we forget this experience as we grow older, and only occasionally catch glimpses of this phenomenon.

Tool validity is an extremely important aspect when gathering information used in research. There are many different tools that can be used depending on what is being researched. “Trustworthiness of the data can only be as good as the instruments or tests used to collect the data” (Boswell & Cannon, 2014). Many healthcare providers use research to increase their knowledge to help make decisions for changes in policy and procedures and in ways to care for patients.

There is partial explanation and/or reasoning behind the evidence provided, although it it needs further development or clarity.

We all use observation to a certain extent in our day to day lives. As human beings, one of the many stimuli that we use is sight, therefore one of the ways we learn about our surroundings is through observation. Many great characters from fictious literature and pop culture, such as Arthur Doyle’s “Sherlock Holmes” and Psych’s “Shawn Spencer”. While this level of observation may be unrealistic, the uses and benefits that come from it are still incredible. So, is one just simply born with these elevated levels of focus and mental capacity? Many don’t understand that much like playing the piano or painting a picture, observation is an art and skill in its own right. A skill that can be taught, acquired, and applied.

Gazing plays a central role in the social and cognitive development of a child. It is documented that from the age of 3 months, a child will begin to develop perceptual learning. An example of this hypothesis was tested with an actor holding a stuffed kitten in front a 1 year old. The 1 year old stared at the kitten longer, therefore the infant’s desire for what the actor was holding caused the infant to interpret the actor’s behavior as

This stage lasts from birth to twelve months. In this stage, infants gain knowledge about their surrounding by using their senses. (Clarke-Stewart, Gruber, & Fitzgerald, 2007, p. 154). They recognize the faces of their caregivers and may respond to smiles. At these stage infants are generally attracted to bright colors, and show response to sound by turning towards the direction of the sound. Studies have indicated that infants between the ages of three and seven weeks have the ability to recognize shapes and pictures of human faces (Goswami, 1994, p. 376).

Overly, the model provides coherent explanation of many kind of information about faces and how they relate to each other. It provides evidence about significant differences in processing of familiar and unfamiliar faces. Nonetheless there are limitations. For instance, there is not enough information about processing unfamiliar faces. Burton et al. (1999)

Data should be trustworthy since our decisions and conclusions are based on it, and if it’s ambiguous, conflicting, and confusing - the results will have the same quality and will present a misleading trends of terrorism.

It has become increasingly common to see the media and average citizens give their input into the findings of experts in today’s society. This idea of lay expertise inserting itself into the business of experts has become very controversial recently due to the outcomes of high profile cases. There are boundaries for both the average person, in their limits of understanding, but also there is a need for improved interaction between laymen and the elite group of experts. There must be a balance. As set out by the UN people have the right to freedom of speech, however it is more of a question of whether they should be challenging the findings of experts. I will be arguing that there needs to be a balance between the two; non-experts should question and exercise critical thought on expert advice but experts and their work also needs to be held accountable through the supervision of an objective party. To solve this issue requires a solution that rests in the middle of these two drastic options. This argument will be supported through the work of Chris Mooney, John Horgan, and Harry Collins.

Craik, F. I., Rose, N. S., & Gopie, N. “Recognition Without Awareness: Encoding and Retrieval Factors.” American Psychological Association. (2015). 1271-1273.Web.

The individual learns to make different identifying responses to as many different stimuli, which may resemble each other in physical appearance to a greater or lesser degree. Responses to a series of similar stimuli that differ in a systematic way. (p.79)