Isaac Johawk Anthropology

      The primary cause of the Pequot War was the struggle to control trade. The Dutch brought on economic, political, and cultural changes when they arrived on Long Island and in the Connecticut River valley at the beginning of the 17th century and of English traders and settlers in the early 1630s. The world they entered into was dominated by the Pequot. The root of the Pequot War was the struggle for control of the fur and wampum trade in the Connecticut River valley. Before the arrival of the English in the early 1630s, the Dutch and Pequot controlled all the region’s trade. The situation was precarious because of the resentment held by the subservient Native American tribes for their Pequot overlords. So, when the English wanted to join in on the scene, those other tribes sought alliance with them, shifting the balance of regional power. This brought conflict as the competition for control of trade escalated quickly. As tensions grew between all parties, the murder of trader John Oldham by the Manisses Indians of Block Island in July, 1636 resulted in a military response by the English of Massachusetts Bay that led directly to the Pequot War. This was the beginning of the Pequot War.

The crown depicted the Indians as intractable, only to find that settlers resorted to violence against the Indians precisely because of their supposed intractability. Indigenous peoples, for their part, fought among themselves and against advancing settlers. All groups sought to “territorialize” their societies to secure themselves against competitors. In the final chapters, Langfur extends and qualifies this complicated story. In the later eighteenth century, settler pressures grew, stressing crown policies and threatening indigenous social orders, until all-out war broke out after 1808. For Langfur this was no Manichean battle between European invaders and indigenous victims. To a dominant narrative of violence he juxtaposes a “parallel history of cooperation” among Europeans, Africans, and Indians, and he concludes that war itself must be understood in terms of “the relationship of cooperative enemies.”

The film, Black Robe, depicts the first contacts between the Huron Indians of Quebec and the Jesuit missionaries from France who came to convert them to Catholicism. Despite some of the controversial portrayals in the film, much of what was produced represented both the Huron and Jesuit perceptions of one another; the Black Robe displayed both the Jesuit frustrations with the Natives unwillingness to learn about Christianity and the Huron social mocking of the ‘black robes’. Portraying the religious, social, and economic interactions, the film, complemented by the journal of Le Jeune, Bruce Trigger’s book The Jesuits and the Fur Trade, and Neal Salisbury’s writings in Religious Encounters in a Colonial Context, gives a convincing portrait of both the Natives and the Jesuits side of the encounter.

Before the Europeans arrived in the Americas, the Indigenous Tribes had their own languages, customs, and legal systems. These legal systems were completly new to the Europeans, because they did not focus on the Anglo norms of ctime and punsihment, instead, they focused on the restoration of peace and tranquility within the tribe. When any members had a disagreement, they would present the problem to the tribal elders who would sit with the two parties and their families and simply talk; they would talk until a unified decision could be made. This unanimous decision would be the final one, no one could undermine the decision of the elders. This custom was called the Peacemaking Circle and wasso alien to the invading Europeans, they saw the Indigenous People as savages, desperatly in need of salvation.

The Iroquois nations, one of the oldest and most prestigious tribes in the history of all Native Americans. In this paper I will be showing why the Iroquois ended up siding with the English through the French and Indian, and Revolutionary wars through factors of colonization. I will also be showing some features of their culture, considering the iroquois are not well known in the western United States, and discussing the fall of the once great tribes. The main reason I 've chosen the Iroquois is because of my own prior knowledge of the Iroquois, and their relationship to lacrosse. I started playing lacrosse my freshman year of highschool. The very first thing I learned, before any stick skills or any basics of the game, was the history of it. Our coach insisted that we knew the history and the culture of the game, and that we respected it. I was intrigued by how interesting the game was. The game was made as a form of war. Lacrosse was sometimes even referred to as “Little brother of war”. It would be called this because injury, even death were common during a lacrosse game. When two tribes had a disagreement, but didn 't feel the need to have a legitimate war, the opposing tribes would send their best warriors to the battlefield and play a lacrosse game. Games would be played to a score of 5-7, but considering how long the fields could be, these games could take hours, days even, however long it took for one of the tribes to win,

To better understand the conflict between the Europeans and the Native Americans, one must closely examine the state of Europe’s economy at the time. Europe struggled with difficult conditions. This included poverty, violence and diseases like typhus, smallpox, influenza and measles. There were widespread famines which caused the prices of products to vary and made life very difficult in Europe. Street crimes and violence were prevalent in cities: “Other eruption of bizarre torture, murder, and ritual cannibalism were not uncommon”.2 Europeans

The French relationship with First Nations has been a dominate factor in Canadian history. Their successful means in establishing such relations led them to great achievements and downfalls. This relationship was successfully earned by the French for a variety of reasons. One, the First Nations, already in awe of European culture, were eager to trade due to their further fascination of European items (232). More specifically, they desired basic European goods such as “…knives, hatchets, kettles, beads, cloth and, eventually, the firearms of the French (5). Unlike the English, the French seized greater advantage of First Nations cooperation by demonstrating acts of tolerance and respect (8). The efforts of Samuel de Champlain, who formed “The Order of Good Cheer” to increase friendly relations, highlights this sentiment (1.3). To further impress them, the French utilized the practice of gift giving, a tradition they discovered in Brazil (1.3). One other essential factor in establishing relations was partly due to intermarriages between both

The treatment of Indians by the French in Canada and English in Massachusetts was dramatic. The French had proceeded there way to North America and arrived in the 1500’s and was interested in establishing trading posts. There were settlements on St. Lawrence River that came to the point as a serving (as a base from which to invade and conquer the kingdom of Saguenay). The trade between the French and Indians was a development from these enterprises in trading military forts. There were many items that were traded such as beaver pelts, furs, textile, and metal that had attractions for both trading partners. The indigenous they interact with Huron in British because French settlements aren’t big. The hurons get upset with French because Jesuits try to convert them to Catholicism. The Hurons initially tolerate these conversions efforts, but grow to resent them. The hurons are exposed to disease that kills many of them. The French don’t provide adequate protection against the Iroquois. Among the disease victims were chefs, clan leaders, wise elders, and skilled craftspeople.” The Iroquois attack the Hurons and destroy their capital. The English desire for land created an antagonistic relationship with Wampanoag. The Puritans and the religious motivations for Plymouth are important. The interaction with Wampanoag the English wanted power and land. The 1621 treaty with the Wampanoag shows this desire for both. The Wampanoag see the British as

For several decades histories of Native-American encounters with the European have been recorded and taught. The majority of these narratives have downplayed the importance of religion, most often understanding it as a veil for underlying political and economic motivations. In his book The Huron Wendat Feast of the Dead, Erik Seeman addresses this absence by recognizing the influence that religious exchange had for the Wendat and French people in colonial New France. He sheds light on the impact of religiously rooted beliefs and motivations of both the Jesuit missionaries and the Wendat people.

Have you ever heard of Thayendanegea? This meant “he who places 2 bets.” The man who was named Thayendanegea was well known as Joseph Brant. He was a Mohawk Indian chief during the American War for Independence. Many Native Americans fought with the Americans, but a majority sided with the British. Brant sided with the British, because the crown promised to protect native lands from alienation of American settlers. Joseph Brant’s perspective shaped history by influencing, rallying, and what his role played in the Iroquois society.

On the Means of Converting the Savages impels a definition of civilizing Aboriginal peoples. This article published in 1633-34, thereby written as a bias to the dominant belief at the time. Paul Le Jeune begins with a statement – “the great show of power made at first by the Portuguese in the East and West Indies inspired profound admiration in the minds of the Indians”. Le Jeune’s intent is to impose the same assertion upon the Aboriginals in Lower Canada. Through the course of time spent with the Hurons he learnt their language, he created a relationship with the Hurons and securing their trust by joining them on their seasonal hunter-gatherer practice, “we never see in this world men so good as thou sayest, who would take the trouble to help us without hope of reward, and to employ so many men to aid us without taking anything from us; if thou shouldst do that,” Le Jeune was admired by the Huron Aboriginals, and they were grateful to an associate who was concerned for their well-being. He was troubled by their nomadic lifestyle and understood their patterned mobility was determined by seasonal availability of

The Indian-White relationship had long been breaking down, due to a developing question between the pioneers and the Indians. One of the reasons of this doubt was that the pilgrims were exploiting the positive attitude of the Indians. The King Phillip's war was a contention between the Native Americans and the pilgrims. This contention was the aftereffect of numerous abuses toward the Indians executed by the homesteader. The King Phillip's war was an advocated war. Numerous elements added to the flare-up of this war, for instance numerous Indians felt that they did great to the pioneers and that the settlers were the first doing incorrectly. Another variable was that Englishmen were exploiting the Indians when arranging land; the pioneers were

The Native Americans and European explorers/missionaries interact with each other frequently as the new world is explored. Some of their interactions are positive, such as in the hospital when the Native Americans gratefully accept help and care from the Europeans while they are ill. But, the interactions are also at times filled with hostility, such as when the Native’s blame the French for the diseases spreading to practically everyone, ultimately causing the Native Americans to resort to violence against the French. In Discourse the reader can read the point of view of a European, and also a Native American. Powhatan explains that his people feel threatened by the Europeans, convinced they are there just to destroy their tribes, and tries

In the seventeenth century, war between the Indians and the Europeans was common. In 1622, a group of European vigilantes were frustrated when the Indians tried to wipe out the colony of Jamestown and they destroyed the Indians of Pamunkey. There were intermittent warfare which plagued New York. Subsequent attacks on English settlements in New England by Indians in 1675-1676 led to a concerted reaction from the confederation of New England. Using the scorched-earth policy and Indian auxiliaries, Wampanoags, Narragansetts, and Nipmucks were nearly exterminated by the colonists (Schake, 2013). The imperial rivalry among England, Spain and France has Indians as the key factor. The French employed Mohawk and Abnaki

Montaigne believes that the Amerindians are inherently savage, and anthropologically, they live in a differently constructed civilization than that of the Europeans: “In plain truth, these men are very savage in comparison of us; of necessity, they must either be absolutely so or else we are savages; for there is a vast difference betwixt their manners and ours” (Montaigne, 9). Hence, Montaigne is aware of the inherent differences between these two cultures, and how the Tupis’ divergent culture can cause other cultures to view them as barbaric. Contrarily, Staden cannot envision there being a cultural rationale for the Tupis’ actions, therefore he seeks divine government numerous times when the Tupinambas threatened to eat him: “I begged him therefore for God’s sake, that he would tell them not to eat me” (Staden, 68). Therefore Staden finds divine solace to protect him from the Tupis’ savage behavior and justify their irrational