Ischemic Induced Pain

The American Pain Society (APS, 2008), defines pain as “an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage” (p.1). According to McCaffery (1968), “pain is whatever the experiencing person says it is, existing whenever he says is does”. Pain is a complex, multidimensional experience. It is present in all clinical settings and in many different patient groups. It is one of the main reasons why people seek medical attention. Many health professionals involved in pain control (Lewis, Heitkemper & Dirksen, 2004). In order to measure the level of knowledge of medical and nursing staff about pain management in critical care patients and the economic impact I make

Various methods have been used to control acute post-operative pain and patient-centered care treatment and a team approach collaboration appears promising for assisting in pain management. Using a team approach can improve patient care by increasing the awareness of pain medication and management amongst healthcare professionals. Integrating current evidence-based practices and hospital policies and protocols could also assist in developing strategies that will help improve patient outcomes.

It is important for physicians to take into account the various outcomes that happen when prescribing pain medications. Aside from having the burdensome responsibility of relieving a patient’s pain, a physician could also be responsible for the possibility of negative outcomes like sickness and even death as a result of pain medications often prescribed. Because of the risks

As the number of patients who have pain increased in order to decrease the pain and intensity of pain. Thus, the use of opioid became a class of choice to relieve the pain. (REARDON, ANGER & SZUMITA, 2015.). abuse of pain medications and opioid became a public health concern in the U.S. according to 2007 data from National survey on drug use and health that 5.2 million abuse opioid. The sources of getting the medication were friends or repeatable opioid prescription. Opioid dependent patients with pain have many complications e.g. high morbidity, morbidity, family issues and they do

However, a better understanding of the factors that affect such knowledge and attitudes and of the discrepancy between attitudes and practice can provide useful information to be included in education programs for nurses and to inform policy on the provision of pain management. On the other hands (Rushton, Eggett, and Sutherland, 2003) stated that nurses do not use evidence-based practice in pain management consistently. Until recently there was no standard of care by which to judge the adequacy of pain management. Study findings support the premise that many nurses have inadequate knowledge about pain theory, assessment, and management strategies, especially pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies. Importantly, study findings suggested that nurses do not objectively assess pain or individualize care plans for patients with pain complaints. In particular, nurses expect patients to tolerate pain, do not differentiate well between acute and chronic pain, consistently overestimate the incidence of narcotic addiction and malingering (i.e., false pain complaint), and tend to rate patients ' pain and related needs lower than patients themselves. Pain assessment is the first step in effective pain management and is an independent nursing function. It has been estimated that a significant number of problems with pain management relate to inadequate assessment (Clark et al., 1996). The research evidence suggests that nurses ' attitudes and beliefs constitute significant

The interventions will be aimed at reducing as far as possible all factors that decrease the threshold and promote those that increase it. It is of no use to judge the pain of others. Nursing care should recognize the presence of the painful experience of the patient, listen carefully and evaluate the factors that condition. Assess the response to analgesics as important as identifying the intensity of pain at the start of the intervention, it is reassessing its evolution time and under the treatment plan is implemented. In hospitalized patients should ask about pain at frequent intervals, every four hours or at least once per shift, and always after administration extra to check their adequacy and effectiveness dose. What drug it was effective and what dose is information that should not be left to memory for later transmission. Its systematic registration history is essential for inter-coordination. Moreover, the patient transmits real interest on the part of professionals and reinforces the therapeutic relationship and

The combined difference for 50% of the maximum pain relief between the control group and the intervention group was 7%, which gave an effect size of 0.07 without any side effects (Derry C.J. et al, 2014, p. 2). Although the effect size was quite small, due to the large quantity of participants, the results showed very promising evidence in favor of the addition of caffeine to the analgesics. The summary of the results showed that 48% of the intervention group agreed that they achieved 50% of the maximum pain

Patient delay in treatment for stroke symptoms is the major factor interrupting delivery of definitive treatment in critical conditions. The government and health care facilities have been providing campaigns aimed at decreasing patient delay times. Although, a large number of people still do not seek treatment in a timely manner. In this statement, I would like to emphasize of benefit of early treatments and identifies the factors related to delay in seeking timely treatment.

As PMI is a novel method for evaluating the range and appropriateness of pain treatments in term of prescription. It is used to determine adequacy of treatment. The PMI is based on a patient’s level of worst pain intensity and categorized into 0 (no pain), 1 (1–3: mild pain), 2 (4–6: moderate pain), and 3 (7–10: severe pain) [34]. The pain score is then subtracted from the most potent level of analgesic drug therapies prescribed: 0 (no analgesic drug), 1 (non-opioids), 2 (weak opioids), and 3 (strong opioids). The index can range from –3 to +3. Negative scores indicate inadequate orders for analgesic drugs. In this study for prescriptions with combination drugs the strongest analgesic was used to calculate the PMI. This study revealed that 57 (46%) patients received effective pain medication with +ve PMI score and 38

1. Casarett, D., Karlawish, J., Sankar, P., Hirschman, K., & Asch, D. A. (2001). Designing Pain Research from the Patient's Perspective: What Trial End Points Are Important to Patients with Chronic Pain? Pain Medicine,2(4), 309-316. doi:10.1046/j.1526-4637.2001.01041.x

The Shapiro-Wilk statistical test is used to assess the normal distribution of the pain intensity before conducting subsequent statistical tests. Data analysis is performed using mixed models with two-sided, with a type I error set as .05. Concerning the primary objective, the comparison between randomized groups will be performed using ANOVA with a baseline score as a covariate. The correlation between baseline and follow-up scores is also calculated (Vickers, 2001). In the secondary analysis, chi-square is carried out to express the frequencies of adverse effects and response rate. Also, A paired student test is suggested to evaluate the pain reduction within the two groups. Sensitivity analysis will be proposed to assess the robustness of the data based on the pattern-mixture and selection

In the early 1900’s pain medication came about to help those who were injured. As time went on, prescription pain medications started to spiral downhill. The prescription pain medication has been the worst drug epidemic in the United States. Over the course of years, it has become more and more of a problem destroying lives. There has been a huge increase in the amount of pain relievers sold, prescription drug misuse, and prescription drug abuse causing an alarming crisis in the United States. Pain medications such as opioids have killed more than half a million-people due to overdose. Numbers have quadrupled, taking thousands of lives. Prescription pain medications do not discriminate against race, age, or demographics, it can happen

Many people around the world have used medication to treat a medical issue, many individuals use medication daily to treat various issues and reasons including but not limited to diseases, disorders, for life, and pain management. Pain is an interesting concept, as the sensation is subjective to each individual, making it difficult to define. Anatomically, pain can be explained in steps: contact, reception, transmission, and receiving. First there is a stimulus; it can be pressure, puncture, a burn, etc. Then a nerve senses the stimulus and transmits a signal through neurons in the central nervous system. Finally, the brain receives the signal and decides how to respond. Everyone in their lifetime will experience pain to some degree, from stubbing

Appropriate pain treatment is essential in providing quality care to patients. Pain is a universal phenomenon caused by varying biological and psychosocial factors. The role of nurses in pain management is to understand pain’s subjectivity and utilize the tools that can aid in assessments, delivery of relief, maintenance, monitoring, and control. This paper will discuss ten items patients should know about regarding pain management. Different standpoints are presented based on used of opioids pain therapy, alternative methods, and psychosocial aspects. Cultural barriers in pain management and ways to address those barriers will also be discussed. The aim of a nurse in managing pain is to deliver

The International Association for the Study of Pain defines pain as “an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage” (1979). Pain is actually the culprit behind warranting a visit to a physician office for many people (Besson, 1999). Notoriously unpleasant, pain could also pose a threat as both a psychological and economic burden (Phillips, 2006). Sometimes pain does happen without any damage of tissue or any likely diseased state. The reasons for such pain are poorly understood and the term used to describe such type of pain is “psychogenic pain”. Also, the loss of productivity and daily activity due to pain is also significant. Pain engulfs a trillion dollars of GDP for lost work time and disability payments (Melnikova, 2010). Untreated pain not only impacts a person suffering from pain but also impacts their whole family. A person’s quality of life is negatively impacted by pain and it diminishes their ability to concentrate, work, exercise, socialize, perform daily routines, and sleep. All of these negative impacts ultimately lead to much more severe behavioral effects such as depression, aggression, mood alterations, isolation, and loss of self-esteem, which pose a great threat to human society.