Isolation and Analysis of Essential Oils Using Gas Chromatography

The cinnamic acid and methanol mixture was yellow and clear. .500 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid was slowly added to the mixture. The mixture was still yellow and clear. A reflux condenser was added to the flask. The mixture stirred for one hour: 3:44 pm- 4:44pm. During the hour of stirring, a TLC analysis was made. The substances compared was the recrystallized cinnamic acid, cinnamaldehyde, and aged cinnamon oil. The cinnamon oil was 6 weeks old. It was a yellow solid gel with a small amount of liquid. The oil has a slight cinnamon smell. The stationary phase was silica gel and the mobile phase was ethanol: hexane (2:6) and 2 drops of acetic acid. The cinnamic acid and cinnamaldehyde were diluted in acetone and the cinnamon oil was diluted in hexane. However, when analyzed, no compounds showed up under the UV light. It was realized by the lab professor that discarded, diluted acetone was used instead of just acetone. The cinnamic acid and cinnamaldehyde were diluted with the correct acetone and the TLC analysis was repeated. The solvent front was 4.32 cm Under the UV light, the compounds were shown and circled with a pencil. The TLC plate was dipped into a vanillin stain and heated above a hot

The world production of essential oils and perfumes are increasing very fast (Powar et al., 2013). In addition, there is limited research on optimum condition in extraction of essential oils using steam distillation (Nurhani et al., 2013) and none of them extracting essential oil from Calamondin.

Eugenol was extracted from cloves using several different laboratory techniques. The three products compared were crude oil, eugenol, and eugenol acetate. The method of comparison for these molecules was thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and will be discussed throughout the paper. Using TLC, there was a clear distinction between the three products and the techniques demonstrated in this lab proved to be successful in extracting these products. The experiment’s results showed Rf values lower than expected, and the percent yield of eugenol acetate was 173% while the percent yield of eugenol was 38%.

The CO2 extraction method proved to be useful and efficient, as well as environmentally safe. The D-Limonene that was extracted could be tested for optical rotation, and then refractive index. The results were very close to the prescribed literature values, leading to the conclusion that the procedure was very adequate in extracting the desired compound. The CO2 extraction technique is not only limited to this lab, as it can be used for numerous other reasons, including the decaffeination of coffee, allowing people to drink the delicious drink without having to commit to the hyperactive side effects of the caffeine it naturally

Vapor pressure is defined as the pressure in a closed container in which the rate of condensation of a liquid and the rate of evaporation of the same liquid are equal. When a relatively volatile liquid is initially placed into the closed container, we see the amount of liquid decrease and then become constant. This is because the liquid initially evaporates into the air. The pressure that this creates in addition to the atmospheric pressure is what we call “vapor pressure.” Of course, as the molecules (once liquid but having evaporated are now in gas phase) bounce around the container, some will inevitably shoot back into the liquid. Others will condense. Initially, there are not enough gas molecules to reform liquid, so the rate of evaporation continues fairly unhindered. Eventually, however, enough gas molecules will have accumulated so that many molecules will be forced back into the liquid, and this rate of condensation will become significant. It forms a “reverse” process that allows for a dynamic equilibrium in which the rates of condensation and the rates of evaporation equal each other. Given enough time, all systems will reach this equilibrium. As temperature increases, the position in the equilibrium has been found to drastically shift right (favoring evaporation), which results in increased vapor pressure. This can be qualitatively understood by

There are many different kinds of oils out there, and they all have different properties and uses. From well-known plants like Lavender and Eucalyptus to unusual and exotic ones like Petitgrain and Spikenard, there’s an unfathomably huge range to choose from – and they each provide all sorts of different benefits and uses.

In this experiment, a situ method steam distillation was performed and essential oils were isolated from cloves. Once the oils were obtained, extraction techniques were used to extract a crude, eugenol, and acetyleugenol product sample. These samples were submitted for GC analysis and the normalization area percents were calculated to confirm their purity; for the crude sample it was 93.95% eugenol and 6.05% acetyleugenol, for the eugenol sample it was 100% eugenol and 0% acetyleugenol, and for the acetyleugenol sample it was 24.84% eugenol and 75.16% acetyleugenol. The IR spectrum was also found for the eugenol and acetyleguenol products, which confirmed their identities; the eugenol sample

While they are located within the plant, essential oils are continuously altering their chemical composition to adapt its host plant so ensure its utmost health in its surrounding environment. The actual area of the plant where the oils are sequestered varies depending on the type of plant. Common areas and examples of where essential oils are derived from: leaves (eucalyptus, mint, lemongrass), flowers (jasmine, carnation, rosemary, lavender), bark (cinnamon, canella), roots (angelica, sassafras, valerian), seeds (nutmeg, dill, caraway), fruits (orange, lemon, juniper), grasses (palmarosa), petals (rose), wood (cedar) rhizomes (ginger, calamus, orris) berries (juniper), resins (frankincense) and wood (cedar, sandal, pine), and others (5).

The condition when high vapor have a great effect on the effectiveness of essential oil as for this research 14 different types of essential oils that have being tested on few different bacteria example Staphylococcus. The effect when in high vapor is better the when leave the essential oils overnight. From the research the result was around 1 or 2 hours for the essential oils to diffuse into the agar. (Shigeharu Inouye, 2001)

When used correctly essential oils bring about a wide range of health benefits since they have no side effects. It is also confirmed that a typical essential oil contains more than 100 different chemical compounds each with a specific therapeutic property and therefore the reason why many essential oils can be used for a wide range

The citral substance were evaluated in the essential oil of lemongrass utilizing a gas fluid chromatograph (GLC). Partition was performed by elution strategy in which a stream of bearer gas was gone through the section. A specimen of essential oil was infused into the transporter gas as a fitting of vapor which was cleared into the leader of the pressed chromatographic segment. At the point when in the gas stage the compound were moved towards the section outlet, however they were specifically hindered by the stationary stage.

Characterizing the volatile components of N. sativa seeds essential oil is necessary to understand its role in food flavor and its potential applications in the fields of medicine. The approximate yield of the volatile flavor concentrates obtained from 25 g of N. sativa seeds was 0.28 g (1.1%) and 0.06 g (0.24%) from Bangladesh and Indian seeds, respectively.

Sesquiterpene hydrocarbon, oxygenated hydrocarbon, monoterpene hydrocarbon and oxygenated monoterpene constituted major parts of essential oil. The mounts of these compounds widely differed between the examined samples; therefore, the profile of essential oil compositions differed between the examined samples. Glynn et al., (2007) reported variations of terpene content with environmental stress. The growth-differentiation balance hypothesis postulates that there is a physiological trade-off between growth and secondary metabolism.

Therefore, these compounds have been used as medicine in traditional system of medicare in India, Pakistan, China, Srilanka, Japan and other Asian and African countries These are also used for preservation of foods and as spices in kitchen in many parts of the world since time immemorial. More than 200,000 defined structures of plant secondary compounds have been identified. These PSM can generally be classified into three major groups: saponins, tannins and essential oils (EO) (Kamra et al., 2008).

action of individual essential oils as well as their mixtures, and of the lack of