Isotonic And Hypertonic Solutions

Explain what happened to the blood cells at the various levels of concentration. Be sure to refer to the solutions as being hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic.

It can also occur during blood transfusion or during dressing change. The insertion of central catheters can occur in the Interventional Radiology or sometimes at the bedside. Regardless of the where the insertion process occur, a sterile field must always be maintained and sterile techniques must always be employed to prevent any organisms from being introduced to the central line into the patient. According to The Joint Commission (2013), many organizations such as Michigan Keystone Intensive Care Unit Project and Institute for Healthcare Improvement are actually adhering to insertion bundles to reduce the CLABSI rates. The bundles include hand hygiene, maximal barrier precautions, chlorhexidine skin preparation, avoidance of femoral vein, and prompt removal of central catheter. Furuya et al. (2011) studied the effectiveness of the insertion bundle and how it impacts the bloodstream infections for patients in the Intensive Care Unit. As a result, lesser infection have occurred when the compliance is high. As mentioned, the site of the catheter also needs to be considered in the insertion process. Avoiding areas such as the groin to access the femoral artery is recommended because this area can be easily contaminated with urine or feces. In addition, after the insertion of a new central line, all the used IV tubing

The work of Burke, et al (2011) reports that a study with the objective of comparing the "efficacy of intradermal bacteriostatic normal saline with that of intradermal buffered lidocaine in providing local anesthesia to adult patients prior to IV catheterization." (p.1) The study concluded that intradermal buffered lidocaine was superior to intradermal bacteriostatic normal saline in providing local anesthesia prior to IV catheterization in this group of predominately white adults and should be the solution of choice for venipuncture pretreatment." (Burke, et al, 2011, p.1) Burke et al reports that surgery is something that most people fear with the fear of the unknown is combined with "apprehension about such anticipated procedures as insertion of an IV line." (2011, p.1) Burke additionally reports that patients admitted for same-day surgery "require IV access. Any venipuncture, including peripheral IV catheterization with a medium-to-large-gauge catheter, can cause some degree of pain. Using local anesthesia prior to IV catheterization has

Only when it is absolutely necessary should a catheter be inserted into a patient. Every patient is assessed for the need for a Foley catheter. If the Foley is inserted, assessments are also then done daily to see if the need is still valid. If the reason is not justifiable the catheter must be removed from the patient (Joint Commission releases new NPSG for CAUTI, 2011). Nurses must follow guidelines while inserting indwelling catheters as well. Aseptic technique is critical to maintain during this process. The use of sterile equipment and a sterile procedure helps to reduce the risk of CAUTI. If in any way the catheter becomes contaminated during the process of insertion, the nurse should discard of the entire catheter and start with a new, sterile kit. Proper hand hygiene is very important before and after contact with indwelling catheters to decrease risk of infection. Maintenance of a close drainage is system is also important that way bacteria are not able to get in and cause infection (Revello & Gallo, 2013). Decreasing the number of times Foleys are inserted and how long they stay in for can help reduce the risk of CAUTI since the longer a Foley stays in, the higher the risk of infection becomes. Nurses must keep the catheter line patent, with no kinks to allow urine to flow freely through into the collection bag. When a urine sample must be obtained it must be done in a sterile

Also another serious complication of CAUTI is BSI (Blood stream infections) that can be fatal if not caught and treated promptly. “The Clinical Performance of Quality Health Care, along with Joint Commission” offers standards and objectives for facilities to assess measure and improve their standards at the lowest cost possible. The database covers nursing care and education, along with guidelines on prevention. Moreover the JCAHO regulatory standards for catheterized patients are explained and the documentation that is expected when JCAHO inspections are rendered in a facility. The source “Stop orders to reduce inappropriate urinary catheterization in hospitalized patients” states that by following standard precautions with every patient these infections can be prevented. . Also the source explored whether catheters should be used at all in an effort to decrease the incidence of CAUTI’s. Intermittent catheterizations along with supra-pubic were explored with a decreased incidence of bacteria being present in the bladder afterwards. The source “Strategies to prevent catheter-associated urinary tract infections in acute care hospitals” offered ways of cleansing and disinfecting the skin before insertion to reduce the risk of infection. Many CAUTI’s are linked to bacteria harboring in or around the site at insertion. By using not only aseptic technique but also cleansing the skin with chlorhexadine can decrease he incidence of infection

If there is more NA it the ATPase will have trouble pumping correctly causing problems in the kidneys

Until recently it was not uncommon for patients admitted to an acute care facility to have an indwelling catheter anchored for unnecessary reasons. Patients that came in thru the emergency department typically were sent to the units with unnecessary indwelling catheters in place and it was not unusual for a surgery patient to have an indwelling catheter anchored before or during a procedure. Once a patient was admitted and was transported to the units nursing would also anchor indwelling catheters for multiple unnecessary reasons. These Catheters could be

Brusch says, “Once a indwelling catheter is placed, the daily incidence of bacteriuria can be between 3-10%.” Another large problem that results CAUTI’s is that at times, catheters are left in a patient longer than necessary. Prolonged use of

In Kidney failure cases urea, creatine, uric acids and electrolytes move from the blood to the dialysate with the net effect of lowering their concentration in the blood. RBC s WBC s and plasma proteins are too large to diffuse through the pores of the membrane. Hemodialysis patient are exposed to 120 to 130 L of water during each dialysis treatment. Small molecular weight substances can pass from the dialysate in to patient’s blood. So the purity of water used for dialysis is monitored and controlled.

Isotonic means that the solution is equal to the tonicity (and/or osmolarity) of the part of the body you are administering it in. It is important for IV fluid to be isotonic to your blood so that it doesn't change the concentration of different molecules in the bloodstream. An IV solution should be isotonic to the blood so that the injected solution does not disrupt the fluid balance in the patient. It is important to make sure the solution is isotonic for the comfort of the patient and to prevent tissue damage. If the tonicity doesn't match, it can be very painful because the cells may be exposed to too much or too little solute, thus water will be exchanged very rapidly and could cause cell damage. If the solution is hypertonic, the patient

When a patient in a hospital receives an IV, the IV is not filled with water but an isotonic solution. If pure water was added to the blood stream, it would move to the area of higher solute concentrations, inside the red blood cells. The blood cells are hypertonic compared to the pure water in the IV tube. The cells would swell with water and most likely burst. Isotonic means equal concentration so you would not have any

Isotonic means that the solution has the same concentration of solutes as human blood. It’s essential for IV fluid to be isotonic to your blood so that it does not disrupt the fluid balance in the patient. It also has to be isotonic for the comfort of the patient and to prevent tissue damage. “Injected I.V., a fluid exerts predictable effects according to its tonicity: Isotonic fluids stay in the vessels (extracellular space), hypertonic fluids pull fluid from the cells (intracellular space), and hypotonic fluids flow into cells.” If the tonicity is not right, it can be painful because the cells may be exposed to too much or too little solute causing cell damage. If the solution is hypertonic, the patient may become dehydrated. If the solution

The first solution used is distilled water which is a hypotonic solution. In this situation, water will diffuse into the red blood cells causing them to expand and be round (as shown in the above results) and sometimes they may rapture as shown in the picture below:

The use of intravenous therapy in the hospitals is now considered a routine therapy. In 2016, DeVries and Valentine stated that 70% to 80% of hospital patients have peripheral intravenous lines at some time during their stay. A peripheral intravenous (PIV) line is a small hollow tube (catheter) that is inserted into a vein and can be connected to special tubing. PIV line is commonly used to administer medications or fluids directly into the vein. The article “Intravenous Therapy: A Review of Complications and Economic Considerations of Peripheral Access,” states that the history of intravenous (IV) therapy dates back to the Middle Ages. Dr. Thomas Latta pioneered the use of IV saline infusion during the cholera epidemic and in the 20th century, two world wars established a role for IV therapy as routine medical practice (Dychter, Gold, Carson, & Haller, 2012).

When RBCs are suspended in an isotonic solution, nothing should be observed as there will be no net water movement between the RBCs and the solution. Thus, when 200 µL of blood was added to 10mL isotonic saline (0,154 M NaCl), voltage of 0V is recorded. When RBCs are suspended in a hypertonic solution, for instance, 0.4 M NaCl, RBCs shrunk due to decrease in cell volume as water diffused out of the cells by osmosis. The protein concentration within the cells become greater and more light is scattered and a negative