Isotonic Contraction Research Paper

The anatomy and physiology of the human body explains that muscles are attached to the skeleton. They work like hinges or levers to pull or move particular joints when a muscle contracts, pulling the joint in the direction it is designed to move. Parts of muscles move antagonistically, that is, when one contracts, its opposite member relaxes to allow movement. Muscles can become slack, making movement slower and more difficult.

As a result of the contractions in the Muscle- Skeletal Longitudinal Section cells and the Muscle- Skeletal Cross Section cells, it allows your muscle to be able to contract in response to nerve stimuli. This means that the movements of most of these muscles are not involuntary, you can control them. Therefore, once the stimulation stops, the muscles relax.

Antagonistic Pairs are a pair of muscles working together to allow coordinated movement of the skeletal joints. Muscles can only exert a force and do work by contracting. An example is the antagonistic pair of muscles used in bending and straightening the arm. To bend the arm requires the biceps to contract, while the triceps relax. If the arm is to be straightened, the reverse happens. The individual components of antagonistic pairs can be classified into extensors and

Firstly, an isometric contraction is when the length of the muscle does not change and the angle of the joint does not change. The muscle is active during this contraction but it is in a static position. An example of this is when you stop halfway when doing a squat or push-up or holding yourself in an abdominal plank position. This type of muscle work is quite easy to do, however it can result in fatigue very quickly. Furthermore, this type of muscle work can cause a sharp increase in the blood pressure in the body because blood flow is reduced. Another type of muscle contraction is the concentric muscle contraction; this occurs when a muscle shortens against a resistance, an example of this is a bicep curl. The brachialis and bicep shorten, bringing your forearm towards your upper arm. These types of contraction are also known as the positive phase of muscle

The musculoskeletal allows the body to function through a group of muscles, bones, tendons, cartilage and ligaments. The body moves through different muscle contractions. This makes the bone pull towards the contracting muscles. The skeletal system provides a structure for the body, while the muscular system creates movement in the bones of the skeletal system by contracting and relaxing. When exercising, the muscles increase in pliability. This is when the muscles become more pliable as they become warm, reducing the chance of getting an injury. They become more pliable as the muscles contract really fast when exercising. The contractions generate heat take makes the muscle more pliable.

This activity is the critical driving force of muscle contraction. The stream of action potentials along the muscle fiber surface is terminated as Acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction is broken down by acetyl cholinesterase. The release of Calcium ions is ceased. The action of the myosin molecule heads is obstructed because of the change in the configuration of troponin and tropomyosin due to the absence of calcium ions. This will eventually cause the contraction to be ceased. Together with these physical processes, an external stretching force such as gravity pulls the muscle back to its normal length.

to contract, which then allows body movements and functions? There are two types of muscles in

Specifically, the motions involved are: flexion of the thigh, abduction of the thigh, extension of the thigh, and adduction of the thigh. By looking at these motions individually, it will be clear what muscles are involved in the motion.

Muscles work in groups. Reciprocal inhibition is the arrangement and use of opposite pairs of muscles, that is when one muscle contracts the opposing muscle lengthens and vice versa. For example, the muscles responsible for movement of the lower arm at the elbow are the biceps brachii muscle and the triceps brachii muscle. In order to raise the upper arm the biceps brachii is the prime mover. When this muscle is stimulated and therefore shortens, the nerve impulse to the opposite muscle (triceps brachii, the antagonist) is inhibited.

The prime movers in the left shoulder that move it back to its neutral position are the anterior deltoid and the bicep brachii. Concentric contractions followed by eccentric contractions of both of these muscles move the shoulder from extension and abduction to it neutral state by flexing and adducting the shoulder. The prime movers in the right shoulder are again the anterior and middle deltoid along with the supraspinatus that contract isometrically to keep the shoulder in horizontal abduction. When the right shoulder is let down after follow through, the prime movers are the triceps and the posterior deltoids which eccentrically contract to extend the shoulder to its neutral position. Therefore the muscles of the shoulder are exceedingly imperative to the action of shoot a

how the sections move during a contraction. The Z line is in the middle of the I bands

Those arrangements are the agonist, antagonist, and synergists which are responsible for the production of movements. Agonists muscle are also known as “prime movers or bicep brachii” they produce the main movement or sequences of movements via their own contractions in order to create a movement. Agonist muscles are usually organized in a way where they cross a joint through the tendon (Boundless, 2016). Antagonist muscles perform as opposing muscles to agonists. This means that they are responsible for returning the limb(s) to its original resting position. Synergist muscles are in control around a moveable joint to produce motion similar to the agonist muscles. They are responsible for the reduction of excessive force to create smooth muscle movements and they are also referred to as neutralizers (Boundless, 2016). Whenever, it is that the muscles contract they will pull on the bones in which they are attached in order to produce movement in the

The bicep muscle is located on the front part of the upper arm and is attached to the arm bones by tendons. When biceps contract, the form arm is pulled up and will rotate outward1. The pronator teres muscle is located on the palmer side of the forearm, below the elbow, and its function is to rotate the forearm palmdown2. The bicep brachii and pronator teres muscles are examples of skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle contains multiple nuclei, myofiber and has fast muscle contraction. Skeletal muscle contains no gap junctions and hormones cannot excite muscle contractions, unlike smooth and cardiac muscle. Skeletal muscle contains thick filaments, thin filaments, myosin, actin, and sarcomeres. The site of calcium action, in skeletal muscle, is troponin According to the Oxford Dictionary3, endurance is defined as “the fact or power of enduring an unpleasant or difficult process or situation without giving way” and strength is defined as “the quality or state of being strong”. As it relates to physiology, muscle endurance is the capability of a muscle to endure multiple contractions against a resistance for a prolonged amount of time5, while muscle strength is the amount of force a muscle can produce with a single maximal effort4. When muscles contract they go

Humans have the ability for both gross and fine muscle movement that allows for powerful and exacting motions. Muscles are controlled by motor units. There are two sizes of these motor units, large and small. The larger units have larger motor neurons that innervate larger muscle fibers, while the smaller motor units have smaller motor neurons that innervate smaller muscle fibers. In addition, the larger units control perhaps, up to 1,000 muscle fibers, as in the thigh, while the small units might control 3-6 muscle fibers, as in the eye. In other cases, the number of motor units engage will vary; when less force is need while a little finesse is desired, for example. In the case of a large muscle such as a bicep, some fine movements

Isotonic means that the solution has the same concentration of solutes as human blood. It’s essential for IV fluid to be isotonic to your blood so that it does not disrupt the fluid balance in the patient. It also has to be isotonic for the comfort of the patient and to prevent tissue damage. “Injected I.V., a fluid exerts predictable effects according to its tonicity: Isotonic fluids stay in the vessels (extracellular space), hypertonic fluids pull fluid from the cells (intracellular space), and hypotonic fluids flow into cells.” If the tonicity is not right, it can be painful because the cells may be exposed to too much or too little solute causing cell damage. If the solution is hypertonic, the patient may become dehydrated. If the solution