Issues Identification- Credit Risks

The idea of “risk” is used in many fields and industries. There has been large efforts made towards the understanding of risk. Since, risk varies so much depending on the field of study, the need for learning about it is warranted. As can be imagined, the importance of risk in a market economy is crucial. In the 1990s, JP Morgan made the Value at Risk (VaR) a central component of its work efforts (Cecilia-Nicoleta, Anne-Marie, & Carmen-Maria, 2011).

Creditors take the biggest risk when lending money due to the fact that they have all the skin in the game and are taking a calculated risk. The review of the three aforementioned financial statements seem to be the clearest way to come to a conclusion about whether or not a creditor should lend a company money.

Is that make loans or buy bonds with long maturities are relatively more exposed to credit risk. Foreign exchange risk, is the risk that exchange rate changes can affect the value of an FI’s assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies. FIs can reduce risk through domestic-foreign activity. Liquidity risk, is the risk that a sudden and unexpected increase in liability withdrawals may require an FI to liquidate assets in a very short period of time and at low prices. Can be day-to-day withdrawals by liability holders are generally predictable. And are usually large withdrawals by liability holders can create liquidity

Credit risk is the risk that the bank will not be able to repay funds when they ask for them.

b. Other indications of financial difficulties (default on loan or similar agreements, arrearages in dividends, denial of usual trade credit from suppliers, restructuring of debt, noncompliance with statutory capital requirements, the need to seek new sources or methods of financing, or the need to dispose of substantial assets).

Miscellaneous factors could impact on the possibilities of default. If any events as such bankruptcy, mergers and acquisitions or force majeure happen,

However, two known authors in this field of study believe that companies with low business risk obtains factors of production at a lower cost which may also pave to the ability of the firm to operate more efficiently (Amit & Wernerfet, 1990). Therefore, many stockholders faced a high of uncertainty; this is because some companies do not have the financial strengths to cover its debts that even may result to bankruptcy.

Credit risk consists of three parts: the size of the exposure at the time of default, the probability of default occurring, and the loss if the credit event occurs (Fraser & Simkins, 2010). Undoubtedly, a combination of a clear strategy, a knowledge of analytical tools, an understanding of the risk management instruments, responsible oversight, and the ability to be intuitive is crucial to risk management (Bethel, 2016). Wells Fargo is one of the most successful banks in the United States in managing risk. Successfully, they have navigated through risk by choosing a course of action determined by their risk management process (Perez, 2014).

Since the onset of the financial crisis 2008, the sovereign debt crisis in western economies and the new financial regulation with Basel III coming up, the financial industry faces the challenge of reinventing itself. The ring-fence for Commercial and Investment Banking, and new economic and regulatory capital requirements will determine the kinds of products banks will be able to distribute. It will have a huge impact in the Investment Banking business, which will suffer tough regulation and supervisory procedures. At the same time, credit risk models will be reviewed because they have failed to predict the crisis of 2008. The current financial and economic crisis doesn’t have any precedent in the past.

To find who is bearing the risks of receivables ownership, an analyst should carefully examine the details of the securitization or factoring transactions. Moreover, if the transactions are considered borrowed where the lender does not directly bear the risk of owning the receivable/security, then the ownership risks should be retained by the company. Essentially, companies who are facing different economic realities may choose similar accounting treatment being that it will satisfy the requirement under GAAP

Market risk is the risk associated with an investors day to day investments, that are affected by constant fluctuations in the markets. With investment banking, a banks reputation is a critical in its success, reputational risk describes the trustworthiness of a business. A firm with a poor reputation will not get as much business, meaning a bad reputation results in a loss in revenue. Concentration Risk is the risk showing the spread of a banks’ accounts to various debtors to whom the bank has lent to. The Basel II accord stated that ‘operational risk is the risk of loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, people and systems, or from external events’. This risk covers the very wade basis of a company’s operations, there are many different factors involved here: people, employees actions and company processes.

Credit risk is the risk of financial loss arising from a customer or counterparty’s failure to meet its contractual obligations. GE faces credit risk in its lending and leasing activities and derivative financial instruments activities.

Underwriting risk – The risk that the issue may be undersubscribed leading to Chase taking up

The "central or national governments also have the power to print money to pay their debts, as they control the money supply and currency of their countries. This is one reason why investors consider national governments (bonds) of the most industrial countries to be almost "risk free" from a default point.

Credit Risk - Credit Risk is defined as the risk that promised cash flows from loans and securities which may not be paid in full. Mortgages represent a primary asset and are the main reason for credit risk at banks. In 2003-2006, banks took on very excessive risk when granting or purchasing mortgages and suffered the consequences. Mortgages can be insured by banks to decrease risk, but banks will often (especially after the credit crisis in 2008) choose to perform credit analysis on applicants, geographically diversify their loans, and incur the risk themselves. BOH is no exception, as they require an extensive list of documentation (pay stubs, W-2, tax returns, bank statements, current landlord information, etc.) their applicants must submit in order to be considered for a mortgage. In the BOH 2015 10-K report, they state the following: “In addition to implementing risk management practices that are based upon established and sound lending practices, we adhere to sound credit principles. We understand and evaluate our customers ' borrowing needs and capacity to repay, in conjunction with their character and history.”