It All Along : Contingent Upon Context

In the last half century several theories have emerged with regard to the best model for human memory. In each of these models there was a specific way to help people recall words and

Memory is a set of cognitive processes that allow us to remember past information (retrospective memory) and future obligations (prospective memory) so we can navigate our lives. The strength of our memory can be influenced by the connections we make through different cognitive faculties as well as by the amount of time we spend devoting to learning specific material across different points in time. New memories are created every time we remember specific event, which results in retrospective memories changing over time. Memory recall can be affected retrospectively such as seeing increased recall in the presence of contextual cues or false recall of information following leading questions. Memory also includes the process

The phenomenon of explaining false memory occurrences is rising. Researchers have developed a paradigm known as “Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm” in efforts to examine false memories in depth (Dehon, Laroi & Van der Linden, 2011). In the DRM paradigm, participants are introduced to and asked to memorize a list of correlated words congregating towards a vital subject word that is never introduced (Dehon, Laroi & Van der Linden, 2011). The rate that participants recall this false decoy is alarming. Researchers have provided several explanations to explain for the false memories in the DRM paradigm (Dehon, Laroi & Van der Linden, 2011). The two most notable in explaining false memories in the DRM paradigm are the fuzzy-trace theory and the activation/monitoring theory (Dehon, Laroi & Van der Linden, 2011). While the two theories are particularly dissimilar, they both sustain that information developing throughout list encoding attributes an essential part in false memory construction (Dehon, Laroi & Van der Linden, 2011).

The results suggest that our memories are very susceptible to the power of suggestion. We sometimes

By doing so is finding support for hypothesis, “AA reflects a failure to consolidate short-lived encoded information into a durable form of memory” (Chen and Wyble,2016). In other words, AA shows brief information does not become a permanent and stable memory, stored in long-term memory. In order, find supporting evidence the authors performed 5 experiments. The first experiment tested consisted of elimination of AA by having participants report an attribute of the stimulus instead of the location, in order to separate the dependence of AA and location. The results suggested location information of the target was automatically stored. Experiment two tested, if AA only occurred because of the familiarity and repetition of targets However, despite eliminating the familiarities and repetition of targets AA still occurred. Lastly, the last three experiments were identical, but with changes in variables and tested the hypothesis. Experiment 3a results showed a weakening in AA by forcing the participants to consolidate the key attribute into memory. Experiment 3b showed the weakening in 3a was caused by having participants maintaining attributes in memory after delayed tasks. Lastly, 3c provided support the previous experiments in which participants were able to find the

An individual’s ability to use have the clearest more accurate memory has always been one of heated debate. False memories from the same constructive process that produces true memories exposing a very concerning fault in our reasoning of memory. This idea of false memory is text in this experiment by using a sequence of 16 words, along with both unrelated and related distractor words. The 43 participant, who is an ungraduated at Hope College enrolled in PSYCH 340, is shown a list of 16 words and asked to recall them. Some of the recalled words were from the original list and some of the others were unrelated or related distractors. It was hypothesized that the related distractor words would be more likely be reported than the unrelated distractor

Memory attributions are based on various qualitative features of the mental experience. Previous studies have found that despite one experiences an intuitive sense of memory, in which the person believes to be an accurate recording of an encounter; empirical results have shown that this experience can be a reconstructive process, which can lead to the development of false memories (Farrants, 1998; Schacter and Addis, 2007). Past researchers have referred ‘false memories’ as memories that took place within experiments, but experiences that do not correspond to experimentally presented stimuli (Roediger & McDermott, 1995; McDermott, 1996; Payne et al., 1996; Read, 1996; Robinson & Roediger, 1997 cited in Gleaves, Smith, Butler & Spiegel, 2004).

The human memory is subject to a multitude of errors, including source misattributions, distortion and creation of false memories. In order to do justice to this paper one must first determine what is “False memory”? False memory is memory for an event that did not occur or distorted memory of actual events (Gleaves, Smith, Butler, & Spiegel, 2004). This type of memory has been an area of intense research interest for both theoretical and practical reasons and psychologists have long been interested in memory illusions and distortions, as such errors can inform theories of how the memory works (Hunt & Ellis, 2004).

Students will recall these kinds of memories because they were semantically encoded, and semantic encoding increases the likelihood of retrieving memories. participants recall these memories without

This study, and many before it, relied on three main conditions that will result in false memory. First of all, the participants must believe that the suggested memory

Nearly one-fifth of century ago, numerous researches respecting to false memories have been conducted right after Roedigerand McDermott (1995) reestablished Deese’s (1959) false memory paradigm. The Deese–Roediger–McDermott (DRM) paradigm is designed by exhibiting a word lists with particular concept to participators, the participators were requested to conduct a free remembrance or an identification memory test. The rates of false memories are greater for informal words that are connected than unconnected words with the selected concept. These connected

The aim of this experiment is to replicate study’s investigation on whether or not context-dependent memory affects a person 's ability to recall a set list of words. Context-dependent memory is the theory that memory is improved when a person is called to remember said information in the same context as when they initially learned it. This experiment is a modification of an experiment done by Katherine Mean and Linden Ball, which tested the effect of music tonality on mood and memory.

In the experiment conducted by Gallo, Roberts, and Seamon (1997), the goal was to determine if subjects could avoid the illusion of creating false memories if they were forewarned about the effect. The study included 8 lists, each containing 15 related words. To measure the effects of false recognition, three groups were involved, each having a different set of instructions. The groups were classified as uninformed, cautious, and forewarned. In the uninformed group, subjects were asked to try and remember as many words as possible. However, they were unaware of the false recognition effect. In the cautious group, subjects were also unaware of the effect. The difference being that they were warned to watch out for words that were identical

However, half of the participants were assigned a File A containing 8 words while the other half were assigned a File A containing 2 words. Furthermore, all the participants were assigned a File B containing 8 words. When the results were analyzed, experimenters discovered that for trials in which File A contained 8 words and trials in which File A contained 2 words, participants that saved File A remembered a significantly larger proportion of the words from File A than participants who did not save File A. Participants that saved a File A containing 8 words also remembered a significantly larger proportion of words from File B than participants who were assigned a File A containing 8 words but did not save it. However, participants that saved a File A containing 2 words and participants who were assigned a File A containing 2 words but did not save it did not significantly differ in the proportion of words they remembered from File B.

The current experiment used a similar deign as Roediger and McDermott’s (1995) false memory experiment. In this 2x2 mixed factorial designed experiment, memory was tested using a word list that was either blocked by five critical words on a particular subject or randomized. Participants were university college students who participated for course credit. There was a significant difference in false memory when the blocked vs. random lists were compared to examine which had more words remembered. The participants who were randomly assigned to the blocked list recalled more words to include actual words and the critical words when compared to those randomly placed in the random word condition. The results revealed that using the blocked lists better facilitated the actual memory and recalled more critical words/false memories.