It Is Efficient When Copying Information

The small ribosomal subunit, amongst other things, is initiates the engagement of the mRNA and is responsible decoding the genetic information during translation [4].

4. When DNA is replicated, two new DNA double helices are formed, each consisting of one parental strand and one new, daughter strand.

Ribonucleic acid (RNA): It is a single nucleic acid supported by adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil supported by ribose sugars. mRNA, rRNA and tRNA.

Translation is a task that makes ribosomes synthesize proteins utilizing mRNA transcript made during transcription. In the begining of this task mRNA attaches it self to a ribosome so that it can be reveal a codon (three nucleotides).

In eukaryotes, stored primarily in the cell nucleus. A nucleic acid using deoxyribose rather than ribose.

How DNA replicates is quite a simple process. First, a DNA molecule is "unzipped". In other words, it splits into two strands of DNA at one end of the DNA molecule. This separation will cause a formation of a replication fork.

3) Copy: DNA Polymerase joins individual nucleotides with their complementary counterparts to form a new strand of DNA. Replication runs in the 5’ to 3’ direction.

DNA is double stranded, while RNA is single stranded. DNA is only found inside the nucleus and RNA can travel outside of the nucleus. There is one type of DNA and 3 kinds of RNA. DNA has a nitrogenous base named thymine that pairs with adenine. In RNA instead of Thymine it has Uracil that pairs with adenine.

Multiple enzymes work together to help your DNA duplicate. Helicase, one of these enzymes used to help replicate DNA, uses energy from the ATP to break apart the hydrogen bonds holding the bases together. This allows for the two parental strands of DNA to unwind and form two replication forks. Primase, also an enzyme used in DNA replication, copies a DNA parental strand by making an RNA strand complementary to it. Primase is only active when another protein is present. There are two DNA polymerases: DNA polymerase III and DNA polymerase I. DNA polymerase III catalyzes the chemical reactions for polymerization of nucleotides. DNA polymerase I is involved in removing RNA after replication. If DNA polymerase makes a mistake during synthesis,

RNA interference takes advantage of an intermediate step between DNA and protein. DNA acts as a blueprint for the final protein by using messenger RNA (mRNA) . The mRNA is a messenger molecule between DNA and protein synthesis. There is a two steps process need to be completed in order to go from gene to protein. The first step in protein synthesis is transcription, it takes place in a cell’s nucleus, where the DNA template is used to make a single strand of mRNA. Then, the messenger RNA exits the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm. Now it serves as the template for making the protein. After that, with the help of several different molecules, a string of amino acids forms due to the order of the mRNA bases. This process is called translation

DNA consists of two strands. One is the coding strand and the other is the template stand. In transcription there is an enzyme called RNA polymerase that ‘unzips’ the two strands. This allows RNA nucleotides (uracil, adenine, guanine and cytosine) to enter the DNA and connect to the corresponding DNA nucleotides (thymine, adenine, guanine and cytosine) on the template strand. After the nucleotides have been paired, phosphodiester bonds, bond the RNA nucleotides together and this creates a continuous strain of mRNA which is capable of leaving the cell’s nucleus, whereas the DNA cannot as the molecule is too big. Once the mRNA has moved out of the nucleus it moves to a ribosome. (1)

DNA replication is described as semi-conservative. It is semi-conservative because the replication of one helix results in two daughter helices each of which contains one of the original parental helical strands. Furthermore, it is semi-conservative because the two new daughter DNA molecules are “half old” and “half new”; this means that half the original DNA molecule is saved, or conserved in the daughter DNA molecules.

The DNA helicase latches on to the DNA molecule, unzipping the double helix, letting enzymes break the hydrogen bonds that connect the base pairs. Also, complementary nucleotides that are floating around and about in the nucleus form hydrogen bonds according to their pairs: thymine to adenine and guanine to cytosine. Due to the hydrogen bonds being more breakable, the DNA is much easier to “unzip” for replication. In the cytoplasm you can also find tRNA. tRNA contains a 3 nucleic code on one side and on the other side, there’s a special protein on the other. In the cytoplasm, mRNA attracts ribosomes that have a similar 3 letter code of tRNA. The amino acids from tRNA then bond with the mRNA, which then creates a protein chain when a start codon or Methionine is reached. This chain will eventually stop once the stop codon is reached. This will then create a completed protein. In conclusion, even through replication, we are still able to keep our characteristics due to the stationary and unchanging method of replication, which is where we keep the same genetic coding. With the steps of DNA replication, this determines our characteristics, along with our personalities. The more we continue the studying of genetics, we may one day be able to cure disorders before the person is even born or

LINK. Replication of DNA is initiated by proteins that recognise a specific sequence of nucleotides from short stretches of DNA at sites called origins of replication. They

Transcription is where DNA is transcribed into RNA which then can be pass to the ribosome’s to act as a template for protein synthesis. Before transcription can begin DNA must unwind and the two halves of the molecule much come apart so exposing the base sequence. This process begins when a region of a two DNA strands is unzipped by enzyme called RNA polymerase attaches to the DNA molecule at the imitation site.