It is now an established fact that there is an intense linkage between migration and informal

In this theory, international migration is seen as investment in human capital where investors (migrants in this case) migrate to countries where they anticipate high productivity given their knowledge and skill base. Before migrating, potential migrants analyse the travelling costs, maintenance cost, the cost of waiting period, efforts in learning new language and culture, cost of adaptation as well as the psychological cost of severing relationship with old friends and forming new ones (Todaro and Maruszko, 1987). In addition, wages on employment as well as the availability of job given the set skills of the migrant is also considered. Again, potential migrants look at the opportunity of getting education, skills, training, experience, and a second language and compare their intended destination country with other countries. It is only when the potential migrant has undertaken all these analysis and has come to the conclusion that the expected net returns to migration is worth the movement, then will migration take place. This argument was supported by Sjaastad (1962), who argued that migration is conceptualized as investment in human capital where potential migrants calculate the value of existing opportunities in every likely

Particularly when looking at returns to education and work experience, individuals migrating from countries with different socio-economic backgrounds may not possess human capital that is transferable in the host country.

Migration is a common process, which happens in all parts of the world. In definition, migration is the movement of people from one location to another. This process is triggered by many factors. Generally, people migrate in order to search for better lives in other locations, Migration is the same as all other processes, therefore it has its main causes and effects. In the book, The Distance between Us, Reyna Grande is able to look at those challenges, which come from migration, and successfully solves them. In addition, migration has benefits to the countries as well. As a result, through migration, the labor force in a country is able to increase, helps to reunite families and creates better wages through competitive labor force.

This report will address migration patterns to and from Australia and the impacts of population change in urban areas. Urbanisation is the growth in population living in urban areas (cities). Two factors that will be investigated in this report are rural poverty: unemployment (push factor) and Economic opportunities: jobs (pull factor).

MIGRATION IS THE MOVEMENT OF HUMAN FROM ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER. THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF MIGRATION. ONE IS EXTERNAL MIGRATION AND OTHER IS INTERNAL MIGRATION. MIGRATION OF PEOPLE FROM RURAL AREA TO URBAN AREA IS INTERNAL MIGRATION. AS A RESEARCHER WE HAVE TRIED TO EVALUATE CAUSES AND IMPACT OF RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION FROM SWABI TO PESHAWAR. THE RESEARCH IS CONDUCTED UNDER THE FOLLOWING OBJECTIVES: (I) TO KNOW ABOUT VARIOUS SOCIO-ECONOMIC CAUSES OF RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION. (II) TO HIGHLIGHT POLITICAL REASONS AND (III) TO FIND OUT ITS PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT. FOR DATA COLLECTION 40 RESPONDENTS WERE SELECTED ON RANDOM SAMPLING METHOD. QUESTIONNAIRE WAS USED AS A TOOL OF DATA COLLECTION. THE STUDY SHOWS THAT RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION CAUSED DUE TO

A migrant worker as defined by Dictionary.com as “a person who moves from place to place to get work, especially a farm laborer who harvests crops seasonally.” Why people migrate? Is it for the family? Or is it for a personal advancement? Perhaps, you wanted to build your family a big house, buy a new car and save enough money before you retire from working. It might be your dream is to work in a place surrounded by tall buildings, busy streets, cafes, theaters, and different shops. Whatever your reasons for migrating, it has something to do with the future. A better future is what you want for yourself and family. This future is something you need to ponder because there are key factors you need to consider such as mental state, emotional state, laws, cultural and social including long-term plans (if you plan to migrate permanently or temporarily) before you migrate.

Moreover, economic growth is often positively linked to more investments, higher employment-generating operations, and an increase in employment. Hence, allowing larger entrance to jobs and income to a major number of people, economic growth may cause a negative effect on income inequality especially if it was not joined by social progress. Because of the following reasons, the degree of the effect may differ between urban and rural areas. Firstly, a greater job competition may occur in urban areas due to higher population density, lead these areas to have a lower access to jobs compared to rural areas. Secondly, in urban areas international immigration is usually higher than in rural areas. It can be often seen that there are many immigrants

We have taken data from United States Department of Agriculture for various parameters such as population from US Census Bureau, Unemployment from Bureau of Labor Statistics. Labor market conditions substantially impact both the individual and community well- being. Higher Degree People are directly related to labor market outcome, as those who are highly literate are getting handsome money and less likely to be unemployed. We organized the data to understand the status of Employment, Net migrants, population of United States from year 2013 to 2016. This overall advocate the share of market with the income and education.

However, as I will explain further in this paper, educational migration is not limited to the pursuing of professional opportunities. Results from many analysis suggest that migration is not solely the result of pursuing more income. If this was the case, the effects of friends and family should be nonexistent. The urban-rural stream and, above all, migration toward the great urban centers are the most frequently studied movements, and perhaps they have the greatest significance in connection with the recent social and economic changes in Latin America. Although Loja is not a rural area per se, it is important to recognize how approaching the lojanos migration to Quito from this point of view can provide new perspectives on migration apart from the rather common economic approach. It is possible to say that “education is a key determinant of economic well-being for both individuals and places… better-educated workforce should have higher incomes”. As we will see in the following pages, every factor is linked, migration comprises different categories and each one provides an explanation about the adaptation process of the migrant in ways that we cannot

A migrant worker as defined by Dictionary.com as “a person who moves from place to place to get work, especially a farm laborer who harvests crops seasonally.” Why do people migrate? Is it for the family? Or is it for a personal advancement? Perhaps, you wanted to build your family a big house, buy a new car and save enough money before you retire from working. It might be your dream is to work in a place surrounded by tall buildings, busy streets, cafes, theaters, and different shops. Whatever your reasons for migrating, it has something to do with the future. A better future is what you want for yourself and family. This future is something you need to think clearly because there are key factors you need to consider such as mental state, emotional state, laws, cultural and social including long term plans (migrate permanently or temporarily).

The importance of this study is to alert both people and government of the causes of Rural-urban migration and its effect on economic growth. The effects of rural-urban migration on both rural and urban areas are alarming, overpopulation on the

Migration is the way to help reduce the poverty, even though in many cases it does not radically improve people’s living conditions. On the paper by Arjan de Haan, he claims that household and gender ideologies determine who migrates and who is able to profit. There are three household structure form of refugees: the first is nuclear type of rural households, it was effective to develop different livelihood strategies in rural areas and urban areas. The second is fluid family structure which is the commonplace share with the labour and food in South Africa. The third case is the extended households in West Africa, which is a well-managed place

Before it used to be from suburb into the town center, but nowadays the movement between border or continents overtook that. Unfortunately, most of the time the urban policy maker seems to overlook that fact and never include immigrant population into their consideration when they are proposing a plan. We found that migration could create massive impact on the development of local neighborhood, the impact of low-skilled immigrant, the relation of highly skilled immigrant and the stimulation of creativity and entrepreneurship of the city. Not to mention the pressure on housing market, transportation network, the access to public services, socio-cultural environment. Wherewith, a lot of academic researchers believe that the diversity promotion in local community could decide the outcome of immigrant integration

The displacement of people and jobs is a negative consequence of globalization. In the cases of migrant workers, the conditions in their home countries are so poor that they think that their lives would be better if they moved to a different country to work. This often includes leaving their families and friends behind. In the country that these people are going to work, the jobs available are often unskilled labor such as harvesting crops. The reason why these jobs are available could be because few people are willing to preform these kinds of tasks for minimum wage. Per reports by National Farm Worker Ministry (2011), there have been instances when the receiving government allows the employers to pay these migrant laborers less than the standard minimum wage. The living and working conditions of these people can resemble slavery-like conditions. For instance, some migrant workers have no other choice other than to live in cramped shared housing with other workers. Even if a worker has consented to preform the work, they are receiving wages, and they have permission to leave at any time, if this worker does not have the capacity to get a better job because they are uneducated, then they are indirectly being forced to work.

The study is based on a random sample survey of 275 micro entrepreneurs, conducted in four different slums of Mumbai namely Sathenagar, Dharavi, Vasinaka and Chithacamp. We have used structured questionnaire for the collection of data. Randomly 27 micro enterprises from Sathenagar, 73 micro enetrprises from Dharavi, 24 from Vasinaka and 151 from Chithacamp have been collected. Vasinaka and Dharavi are examples of developed slums and rest are marginalized slums. Mumbai is a place in India which is known as financial capital of India and which provides employment opportunities to a large number of people. So several people have migrated from various parts of India to Mumbai and have taken refuge in the slums of Mumbai. Out of these 275 entrepreneurs, 118 have migrated from other parts of India and 157 are from Mumbai. Generally migration took place due to marriage, or for work purpose of any other member of the family. But it is observed that almost all of the migrated entrepreneurs have migrated more than ten years ago.