Iv Essay

An upsetting pattern has risen inside of the previous couple of years, demonstrating a relentless increment of ladies being contaminated with HIV/AIDS every year. This pattern is particularly conspicuous in sub-Saharan Africa. While the illness is contaminating more ladies than any other time in recent memory and now represents about portion of those living with HIV around

Sub-Saharan Africa leads top position among other countries in having HIV infected population. The pathetic condition of Africa is due to promiscuity and their casual attitudes toward sex. Sexual promiscuity and AIDS are closely correlated, as promiscuity becomes the major reason for the transmission of this deadly virus. Several sexual practices people have may increase the risk of infection of HIV/AIDS for example homosexuality. Even though homosexuality does not have anything with the traditional aspects, it exists in places where few women are present and in situations where authoritative male can have advantage over the other males. Homosexuality is prevailed in many parts of world that may lead to the transmission of HIV/AIDS. Sugar daddies contribute more in the act of spreading HIV. As per a study in British, young girls are the victims who are infected with HIV because of these sugar daddies who date with young girl and support monetarily. Many poverty-stricken countries such as Africa and South East Asia are the target of these sugar daddies who can win girls for money.

Since the first cases of HIV were detected among female sex workers (FSW) in Chennai, India in 1986, dramatic progress has been made in the last three decades in the battle against HIV both in India and globally (Mayer, 2011). Despite this progress, new infections continue to occur - in 2012, there were an estimated 2.3 million persons newly infected with HIV globally (UNAIDS, 2013). Many new infections often occur within the context of a serodiscordant relationship – an infected partner in a relationship transmits HIV to the uninfected partner. Over the past thirty years, several interventions have been identified to prevent HIV transmission from HIV-infected persons to uninfected persons in serodiscordant relationships. Yet, transmissions continue to occur. Interventions such as voluntary counseling and testing, condom promotion, and risk reduction counseling are very effective in preventing transmission among serodiscordant couples but are underutilized in India despite their widespread availability (Kumar et al., 2011). Interventions such as pre-risk exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and universal antiretroviral therapy (irrespective of CD4 count) have been newly identified but face several challenges that impede their widespread implementation in India (Kumar et al., 2011). Serodiscordant couples in India also face certain unique socio-cultural issues such as marital and fertility pressure (Gupta et al., 2010).

In the survey, questions were asked about the participant’s financial income, practice of safe sex and were given HIV tests. The results showed that “HIV was detected in 2.4 percent of the people who were living below the federal poverty line, which in 2007 was an annual income of roughly $10,000 or less for an individual. The 2.4 percent translates to roughly 1 in 42 people” which is substantially higher than the national average, which is “0.45 percent, or 1 in 222 people.” Therefore, it is safe to say socioeconomic status increases one’s risk of contracting Human Immunodeficiency Virus.

In present society and in some lifestyles and media outlets, sleeping around is overly glorified to children and young adults; the influence is the more the person sleeps around, the more popular the person becomes. Particularly in the African American culture, video’s depict rappers, surrounded by women dressed scantly, influencing more provocative behavior among children and teens; promoting sexual innuendos. A lower socioeconomic status may produce individuals with lower education, poor health, and poverty. A person living at a lower socioeconomic status may not be able to obtain decent employment to acquire health benefits; living in a poverty-stricken neighborhood will not contain accurate or up-to-date-medical resources and services and sexual education will become shelved as a non-important issue within these communities. For HIV/AIDS management the individual must receive up-to-date information and education on available HIV/AIDS resources, build a plan specifically created by his or her physician, obtain equipment, and supplies necessary for treatment, and assess nutritional information, which is extremely vital in preventing additional illnesses. Furthermore, the individual may want to build a support team including his or her partner, and family members,

India has the third largest population of people living with HIV, behind Nigeria (second largest) and South Africa (largest population) (“India has 3rd Highest Number of HIV Infections,” 2014). There are approximately 2,100,000 [1,700,000 - 2,700,000] people living with HIV in India and there is a prevalence rate of 0.3% [0.2% - 0.3%] for adults aged 15 to 49 (“HIV and AIDS Estimates in 2013,” 2013). There is a high risk for HIV infection in India due to the high rate of unprotected sex, low use of condoms, injecting drugs with HIV contaminated needles, the low social and political status of women and the negative stigma associated with being HIV positive (“HIV/AIDS in India,” 2012). The main focus of the government on HIV and AIDS is to spread awareness in the population and to convey the importance of protected sex and blood safety. These goals about HIV infection prevention are addressed by various organizations in India and in the world, such as the AIDS Society of India and UNAIDS (“HIV/AIDS in India,” 2012). However, the majority of the HIV population in India does not know their HIV positive status, coverage of HIV treatment is only 36 percent and 64 percent do not have access to HIV antiretroviral treatment options (“India has 3rd Highest Number of HIV Infections,” 2014).

As human immunodeficiency virus affects millions each year, many civilians are without help and treatment. Poverty is one of the underlying issues of why the treatment is scarce. The United Nations Population Fund wrote that “many impoverished girls and women vulnerable to exploitation, including trafficking, early marriage, and selling sex. Many see sex work as one of the few options available to support themselves” (“Poverty and AIDS” n.pag.). Countries affected by poverty have limited income, which means limited employment. Many women and young girls sell their bodies in exchange for money and contract different infections and viruses. In Southeast Asian countries such as Thailand, HIV is significantly and rapidly increasing by each year. United Nation reports that “women’s educational attainment, work patterns, income levels, access to and control of resources and social roles – all have considerable impact on their health and the well-being of their children, in general, and on their reproductive health, practice of family planning and involvement in fertility decisions, in particular” (“Poverty and AIDS” n.pag.).

The first HIV case was diagnosed in south India before more than 20 years. HIV is serious public health problem among the all age group people. According to National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO), projected incidence at around 0.36 percentage. Approximately 2 million to 3.1 million people infected by HIV in India. There are many programmes run by Indian government to control HIV such as Condom Programming,

“Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events (including disease), and the application of this study to the control of diseases and other health problems (WHO, 2015)”. “Various methods can be used to carry out epidemiological investigations: surveillance and descriptive studies can be used to study distribution; analytical studies are used to study determinants (WHO, 2015)”.This paper discusses about epidemiology of HIV infection, including factors that contribute the development of the disease, epidemiologic triangle, role of community health nurse and the national organization that address the communicable disease.

Another major health policy that India just passed and adopted from the World Health Organization (WHO) is the "Test and Treat Policy for HIV". India has the third largest HIV epidemic in the world and with WHO, India wants to reduce the number people infected with HIV. Currently, 2.1 million are living in HIV in India and 86000 new cases are reported yearly. “The epidemic is concentrated among key affected populations such as sex workers. The vulnerabilities that drive the epidemic are different in different parts of the country.4 the five states with the highest HIV prevalence (Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka) are in the south or east of the country.” ("HIV and AIDS in India", 2017) The new policy allows people to get tested and get the necessary treatment. This policy applies to everyone from all men, women, adolescents and children. This policy will greatly increase the longevity and provide a better quality of life for those ill and hopefully prevent other diseases like Tuberculosis, which

Khalipha M. Bility, Ph.D., Program Manager, NACP Annual HIV and AIDS Review 2007-2008, pp. 2

This prevention study will work towards discovering if social changes in the lives of drug users and sex workers will act as a form of prevention in being infected with HIV. Through social programming such as, HIV education courses, economic opportunities through small businesses, and safe injection sites this study will look towards a correlation between these attributes and a decline in ‘high risk’ behaviors thus preventing the risk of HIV infection. The concept of “risk environment” plays a role in the increase in risk of infection as it is regarded as “the space, whether social or physical, in which a variety of factors exogenous to the individual interact to increase vulnerability to HIV” (Roy et. Al, 2011). Many studies of vulnerable individuals such as injection drug users, sex workers, and the homeless have shown that these factors have a significant influence on their health since they shape daily risk taking (Roy et. Al, 2011). Thus, due to said situations reports of individuals having traded sex for money, drugs, or other commodities for survival, increases HIV incidence of this high-risk behavior (Roy et Al, 2011). Therefore this study will work towards mitigating the situations that put individuals as risk of HIV infection, as a form of prevention.

India 's population is approximately 1.2 billion people. Out of those 1.2 billion people, there are roughly 2.1 million people that have HIV. India has the third largest HIV infections in the world. Because of the prevalence of the sex industry in India, the people most at risk are sex workers, men who have sex with other men, transgender people and migrants (truck drivers). According to the website I saw, there are 868,000 female sex workers and 427,000 male sex workers. Even though running brothels are illegal in India, sex work itself is not illegal. Due to stigma and discrimination because of the re-criminalization of adult consensual same sex sexual conduct, men who have sex with other men are at higher risk of not being informed

The purpose discussed in the research study is clear and indicative of what the research hopes to cover. The research study is about assessing HIV/AIDS awareness and knowledge among women in reproductive age group between 15-45 years and its mode of transmission in Bareilly district of Uttar Pradesh in northern India. The

In the year 2012, there were 139 and 520 cases of AIDS among the adolescents and the young adults respectively. Between the ages of 13 and 19,