Iwokacja

An author’s personal experience gives authenticity to their text. Peter Skrzynecki, an Australian poet of Polish origin emigrated to Australia shortly before the end of World War II. His assimilation into his newfound homeland is portrayed in his emotive poetry, where he explores his disconnection and alienation. The way in which Skrzynecki writes about his personal experiences gives an authentic insight into the perspective of a migrant, allowing the audience to better understand the challenging emotions evoked by the migrant experience. These emotions are clearly seen in Skrzynecki’s poem St Patrick’s College, where he delves back through his experiences at school and highlights the disconnection and alienation he felt being a migrant. This disconnection is further expressed in Feliks Skrzynecki, where Skrzynecki alludes to his detachment from even his father. These feelings of disconnection and alienation shown by Skrzynecki in his poems, allows the audience to understand the effects of growing up as a migrant.

“A-H annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina and after this success Germany and A-H had the confidence to demand formal acknowledgements of Habsburg authority. Both gave their acknowledgements but Russia suffered humiliation from this. (Anorak)”. Austria-Hungary was a large, relatively powerful country that neighbored a small, weak, loose group of nation-states persecuted by racial conflict, they established power of Britain, France and Russia.. A-H was trying to establish itself as a dominant power in the world but needed to expand. Another example that shows nationalism is a crisis which had been given to France by Britain, but the Moroccans wanted their independence.“The German desire for colonial expansion resulted in the two Moroccan crises.(Anorak).” The German encounter with France in Morocco, to break the alliance between Britain and France, but they achieved the opposite effect. Not only did it strengthened the Anglo-French alliance.

An event in Russia lead Poland to want to be an independent nation. “We shall be poles. Bonaparte has shown us the way –– Hot to be victorious.” (Doc 7). Hungary had decided that enough was enough and that they went through a they put it, “. . . a period of uninterrupted suffering.” (Doc 3). Mazzini said that God gave them their country, so they should fight to get it back. “The means of infinitely multiplying your forced and powers of action . . . was for you by God . . .” (Doc

Nationalism: is a strong feeling of pride in one’s country and believing that one’s country is better than other country and this aggressive nationalism in the early 1900’s was a source of tension in Europe, which fueled the war. Nationalism was very strong in France and Germany; it unified the Germans, as they were proud of their growing military and industrial strength. While, France wanted to regain its position as a leading European power. Similarly, Russia had encouraged a form of nationalism in Eastern Europe called Pan Slavism. It drew all Slavic people and Russia was the largest Slavic country ready to defend small Serbia. Multinational Austria Hungary opposed Slavic national movements. After Napoleon’s exile to Elba congress of Vienna was held and it tried to solve the problem in Europe. Delegates of Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia agreed upon a new Europe whereas Germany and Italy were left as divided states. So there

Historically religion has usually been a large part of civilizations, states, nations, and cultures. In Poland the case is no different; religion has been engraved in the culture and history of Polish people. Since the introduction of Catholicism In Poland has grown largely and more homogenously Catholic. It can be argued that this was manufactured at the end of the Second World War; through the holocaust and forced migrations by the Soviet Union. The significance of Poland’s strong ties to the Catholic Church is that the church plays a large role in the structure of polish society. The Catholic Church has served as a protector and promoter of polish culture during the times Poland vanished off the map, to the struggles for democracy. As Poland fought to rid them of Soviet influence and become a free democratic society with free elections that Catholic Church played a key role in helping the fall of communism in Poland. However from an alternative angle it can be said that art a music movements were also a key fundamental influence in the fall of communism in Poland. Although entirely opposite, both artistic expression and religion were two institutions of culture that both played significant roles in Poland’s rise to freedom. However it is clear from the work of many musicians, poets and

‘Feliks Skrzynecki’ explores the relationships the poet has with his father as while integrating into the Australian society. Again the experience of immigration gives the audience an understanding of different cultural experiences, through the perspective of identity which differs between father and son.

Similarly, to “Feliks Skrzynecki”, it is shown here in “Migrant Hostel” how one’s identity can influence another, only that the identity referred to here is

The slowly widening generational gap between father and son and between cultures is explored in “Feliks Skrzynecki”. Although full of tender admiration for his father, who spent “Five years of forced labour in Germany”, the poet comments on his father’s strong need to focus only on his pre-war Polish culture, choosing to purposefully exclude himself from main-stream Australian society. Ironically, this caused a growing distance between father and son, as although his father feels he does belong and is content in his exclusion from Australian culture and society, Skrzynecki

Poland has played a major role as a center of high culture since the 15th century, first in Central Europe, and from the 16th century on, in North-Eastern Europe. It was a powerful country of major significance in the international arena – a country whose great civilization radiated upon its neighbors. With origins in the culture of the Early Slavs, over time Polish culture has been profoundly influenced by its mutual interaction with the Western, Byzantine, Jewish, and Ottoman worlds as well as its continual dialogue with the many other ethnic groups living in the Polish lands. Out of this gigantic melting pot of nations, cultures, religious beliefs, and customs emerged the unique and exotic Polish civilization with roots in the culture of Sarmatism (the dominant Baroque culture and ideology of the Polish-Lithuanian nobility). Pax Polonica provided continuous civilization for over four centuries.

Afterwards, Congress Poland was reduced in official usage from the "Kingdom of Poland" to the "Vistula Land" following the uprising and fully integrated into Russia proper, but not entirely obliterated. The Russian and German languages were imposed in all public communication, and the Catholic Church was not spared from severe repression. Public education was gradually subjected to ‘Russification’ and ‘Germanization’ measures. Illiteracy was drastically reduced, most effectively in the Prussian partition, but education in Polish was preserved mostly through unofficial efforts. Economic and social changes, such as land reform and industrialization, combined with the effects of foreign domination, altered the centuries old social structure of Polish

Nationalism inspires a pride within a group of people that ignites change and strengthens unity. It is what keeps heritages and cultures of nations alive. But what happens when the people advocating Nationalism are trapped within a nation in which they do not desire to be? The Pan-Slavic movement in Eastern Europe in the early 20th Century created a tension between Austria-Hungary and Serbia that culminated in

Nationalism is defined as a nation’s, or ethnicities, desire to become an independent autonomous state. The Greek, Albanian, Serbian, Bosnian, and Macedonian nations’ nationalistic centrifugal force started the break up of the Empire in mid 19th century. All of the nations listed above became states by the time World War One began in 1914. This nationalistic movement happen under many Sultans, but it intensified under Abdülhamid II and finally under Murad V. It was Abdülhamid II who tried to curve the nationalistic movements, which were also sweeping through Europe, by introducing the Tanzimat Reforms of 1834 and 1856, at the request of European pressure.

The objective was to establish a comparison between Polish migrants and birds such as pigeons. Birds are free and accepted in their micro communities, unlike Skrzynecki whom is isolated from belonging. The poet struggles to find a sense of belonging, using the technique irony to highlight his search for acceptance. Alternatively, another poetic technique can include imagery which is utilized in the line “A barrier at the main gate”. Skrzynecki thoroughly conveys the barricade that segregates the foreigners from Australian society. This leads to separation of the Migrants and the rest of the local Australian society being an example of racism at the poets time. The poet, Peter Skrzynecki adequately applies techniques to convey belonging in order to encourage society to accept migrants who have already experienced hardship. In summary, Skrzynecki uses an array of techniques to evoke the search of belonging to the readers.

Despite all the work Alexander II did toward reforming Russia, the “Era of Great Reforms” left one crucial aspect unaltered: the power of the emperor. The intentional neglect of this was what kept the reforms from realizing their true potential. This led to dissatisfaction, which encouraged repression, terror, and most importantly: revolution. The first was the Polish Rebellion, caused by the failure of Russian authorities to suppress Polish nationalism. Although the Poles failed, other minorities sprung up for their voice

The impact that Frederick II’s reign had on the geo-political organization of Western and Eastern Europe was his foreign policy. This is where Prussia gained this province of the West, where the isolation of East Prussia happened by linking with monarchical states. This had made the kingdom more capable of defense and within its territory, Prussia was more predominantly to the East, and had also made the dividing social and political differences sharpen with that of the other states of Western Europe. Russia’s czarist government in one way, helped protect the rights of nobles and peasants in the Table of Ranks. This table let all men have the ability to serve the state, and had to longer allow Russia's military to rely on heredity positions.