JOINT EFFECTS OF COMPLIANCE AND EFFICACY OF SOLAR DISINFECTION OF DRINKING WATER ON CHILDHOOD

Unsafe water supplies are often contaminated with infectious agents, toxic chemicals, and radiological hazards. In 2000, the World Health Organization and UNICEF identified some 2.4 billion people who did not have basic sanitation facilities, and 1.1 billion people without a safe drinking water supply. (Wagner, 2009) Some communities experienced diarrhea, caused by a variety of parasites, viruses, and bacteria that infect people as a result of contaminated drinking water or poor hygiene. In India, more than 500,000 children die from diarrhea every year. Like other tropical diseases, when diarrhea does not kill, it weakens, leaving people more susceptible to other infections, such as tuberculosis and HIV. (Whitman, 2008).

The Australian bottled water industry has been growing rapidly over the past decade. Many Australians drink bottled water on a regular basis, and on average consumed 21.2 litres per person (Australian Bureau of Statistics) in 2001. The boom in consumption of bottled water has moved the product beyond the niche market and into the mainstream as it has become a staple to many Australians. Many people drink bottled water today simply because they prefer the taste to that of tap water or perceive it to have more purity. Other reasons behind the explosion in bottled water consumption are: consumers' passion for fitness which guides them to fewer caloric beverages; increased accessibility of bottled water via convenience stores,

I have always found it sort of curious when I see people buying bottled water. My grandfather told me that when he was a boy they drank water from the hose and it was free. I know growing up our household certainly didn’t bother with things like that, so facet water is what we got as well. The costs of groceries these days is expensive, spending extra money on water always seemed like such a waste to me. Now, that being said, some people live in areas where the water isn’t very clean, and buying bottled water is much safer than drinking the city’s water. Also, bottled water has become more popular because it is paired as a service; Bottled water is easy to grab on the go. It takes more time to find a water bottle, with a lid, and fill it up than to grab an already bottled water.

In Peter Gleick’s “Selling Bottled Water: The Modern Medicine Show” and Cynthia Barnett’s “Business in a Bottle”, bottled water is argued to be an excessive commodity falsely advertised as healthier and more beneficial than tap water to society and the environment. Both authors discuss that bottled water is actually equivalent in quality to tap water and in some cases even more hazardous to the human body. Public water itself is a less expensive resource that is more accessible to the masses. However, due to fraudulent companies focused on profit and the lack of effective oversight, people are deterred from realizing that there does not need to be an alternative to municipal water. Gleick

This research paper will focus on the social determinant of health involving access to clean water. We have focused our research on the accessibility of safe water intake on First Nations Reserves in Canada, we all know of the issues with limited access to safe water in other countries but we often forget about our own issues at home here. Over a billion people in the world lack safe drinking water, something that many of us in the Canada take for granted on a daily basis. As pointed out by Peter Gleick, “nearly three billion people live without access to adequate sanitation systems necessary for reducing exposure to water-related diseases”5. Throughout this paper we will explore different solution options in order to prevent the spread of dangerous diseases through unsanitary water conditions. Our research is going to express the importance of focusing on the issue we have at hand here in Canada and increasing awareness for the issues here before worrying about other countries over seas. Outbreaks of water-borne infections include but are not limited to; E’coli, Salmonella, Schistosoma, Cholera vibrios and Hepatitis A. Thousands of people die every day worldwide from water-related diseases; these deaths include mostly children and elderly, with some of these incidents taking place in Canada.

The use of bottled water dates as far back as the year sixteen-hundred and twenty two in a town called Malvern in England. They would bottle and sell water from a site called the Holy Well because it was believed to having healing properties.() Nearly four hundred years later we still bottle water, but our reasons have changed from the superstitions of the seventeenth century. Yet despite the reason why being different, the idea is still rooted in superstition. In the modern day, instead of believing that bottled water has healing potential it has become the idea that only bottled water is safe to drink and that water from the tap is unclean and dangerous. These ideas were bred by companies looking to make money off a fear. The reality is that

As plastic bottles of water became available, sales continued to increase through the years. The bottled water industry took off in 1989; this is when a new, cheaper plastic was invented that made it possible to profit by selling bottled water (“How Did Bottled Water Get So Popular?”). PET, polyethylene terephthalate, was utilized by Coke and Pepsi for bottling water and these substantial companies had an extensive marketing budget to promote their bottled water products (“How Did Bottled Water Get So Popular?”). As more Americans began buying water from single-serve bottles, public drinking fountains have become harder to locate (Gleick). Tap water grew to be viewed as unclean or even unsafe compared to bottled water being sold in stores (“How Did Bottled Water Get So

Unclean water is a growing phenomenon that is immensely occurring in Latin America. Water is an important necessity in life. There are over 70 million people who have no access to clean water. Many families in Latin America cannot afford to send their children to school, so the children drop out of school to help work at the home. Many of the children who stay home to work walk for hours to get to the nearest water source, and most of the time, the water is unclean and not safe to drink. The unclean water is the only water accessible to families in Latin America. With the unclean water available, sanitation was not. It is very rare to find any form of sanitized water in most households in Latin America. Over 100 million people are not

Believed it to be of superior taste and some used it for daily activities like making food, brushing teeth, washing face, drinking water for their pets, etc.…

Protections and improvement of the environment, morally is a good thing as you help protect the homes of the animals that live there. Similar to helping the sick, there is little to no ethical dilemmas when it comes to being eco-friendly. Since the SODIS method has some environmentally based drawbacks, it could be harmful to the environment and it will present some moral concern when it comes to recommending the technology. The SODIS method uses plastic PET water bottles to help disinfect the water. PET (polyethylene terephthalate) and also referred to as polyester, is a common plastic used in plastic bottles for water, soft drinks, juice and many other common items (American Chemistry Council, 1988). The production of plastics, its frequent and disposable role and the hazards it poses once it needs to be disposed of has made the use of plastic an environmental drawback to the SODIS method. PET can be reused but only to a certain extent. PET bottles should be replaced within 6 to 12 months and should no longer be used if they get scratched or show signs of wear (SODIS, 2009). When it comes to the disposal of the bottle, there are two methods each with its own drawbacks. The first method, landfills use up lots of space which could be better used. Also, due to the lack of oxygen found in landfills, plastic can take more than 20 years to decompose. The other method is incineration which creates harmful compounds such as carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases which easily can get released into the atmosphere (Webb, Arnott, Crawford, & Ivanova, 2012). However a study conducted found that PET can undergo microbial degradation “by Nocardia with help of the esterase enzyme” (Sharon & Sharon, 2012). Although this is evidence of progress, currently there is no commercial scale method capable of the biodegradation of PET (Webb,

Over the past 25 years, bottled water industry has climbed into the top of the world market. (M.A. & A.B., 2008) In the late 1970s, the demand for bottled water has been increasing as people started to worry about the quality of tap water and began to purchase bottled water. (M.A. & A.B., 2008) Furthermore, followed with a promotion campaign by processors of bottled water, the need of bottled water has gradually escalated, became a multibillion-dollar industry and the major

One of the biggest growing problems in our health care system is hospital acquired infections. Some of the common infections are known as "super bugs' or multidrug-resistant organisms such as Clostridium difficile (C.diff) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Multidrug-resistant organisms means that the pathogens can resist the effects of drugs, are not killed and their growth is not stopped which can ultimately threaten a patient's safety. This is why hospitals are looking into other methods to help ensure more effective environmental cleaning and disinfection. That is where pulsed UV light disinfection systems are coming into play.

First of all, bottled water presents a health concern for all those who choose to drink it. Did you know that the bottles used for bottled water contain harmful chemicals? Did you also know that these chemicals can leak into the actual water you drink? Chemicals like PET are released into bottled water when the bottle gets too hot. The effects of PET aren’t known just yet, but one can assume that consuming toxic chemicals is NOT good for your health. An even more alarming fact is that bottled water is rarely tested. According to the FDA, bottled water can be tested only once a year, and yet it is still sold to the public. This is a risky practice that can result in people getting sick or worse if they don’t get treatment. Lastly, the fact that

In contemporary society, bottled water consumption has become more attractive and popular. While in 2009 were only sold 161,589 million liters of bottled water, in 2011 approximately 181.61 million liters were sold all over the world (The Statistics Portal, 2014). In this context, attributing that significant growth of bottled water commercialization is consequence of a successful marketing should

An interventional study was conducted to assess the knowledge and practice of school based safe water and hygiene program among students and their parents in western Kenya, 2006. Study revealed that, 78% schools reported they provide water to their students and 22% of schools were having ‘Leaky tins’ for hand washing. Whereas,73% of parents washed their hand before eating, 45% after defecating and 29% before preparing food. And after health education reported 90% of parents washed their hands before eating, 68% after defecation and 53% before preparing food. 86% of students washing their hand before eating and 73% after using the latrines. However, 61%