James Chadwick Nuclear War

Lawrence and M. Stanley Livingston published the first article on "the production of high speed light ions without the use of high voltages." It was a milestone in the production of usable quantities of radionuclides.

Enrico Fermi (1901-1954) succeeded in splitting the uranium atom and the Nobel Committee later awarded him the 1938 prize for physics. At Columbia

The pioneering work of Becquerel in 1896 (the discovery of uranium), and the Curies (who subsequently discovered radium and polonium and the energy and heat given off by these new elements which they called radioactivity) led to the remarkable work of Ernest Rutherford. He was a physicist, whose experiments showed that some heavier elements spontaneously changed or decayed into lighter elements (unstable 'parent' elements giving off protons and neutrons to form a 'daughter' element) through the process of radioactivity. He discovered that radioactive materials decay at a very predictable rate, and that lead was the final decay product of uranium. Using Rutherford's ideas, Bertram Boltwood pioneered a method of radiometric dating in 1907. He hypothesized that since he knew how long it takes uranium to break down, he could measure the proportions of lead in uranium ores, and use his calculations to date how long those ores had existed,

While Nuclear energy may have been beneficial to the American government and its citizens in some ways, it reshaped the way Americans and the United States Government thought of the role of citizens in Nuclear America. Americans could not rely on their government to keep them safe anymore and the government, through misguided attempts at preserving and improving the citizens’ lives, were putting those very lives at risk.

Principle”. The French team of Pierre and Marie Curie who are known as the parents of nuclear physics came to the realization that the atom has a core, or nucleus. It became apparent that different laws of physics govern the nucleus. In Cambridge England, Sir J.J. Thomson who in 1897 discovered the electron and his pupil Lord Ernest Rutherford discovered the proton. The history of the atomic age was coming right along on a steady pace then in 1905 Albert Einstein wrote the mass-energy conversion equation, and things started to progress very rapidly. In 1932 Sir James Chadwick discovered the neutron, this rovided an ideal projectile for splitting the atom. The final clue to the neutron and atomic energy was when an observation was noted that a peculiar property of the radiation emitted when beryllium is bombarded with alpha particles. In 1938 the discovery of fission of the uranium nucleus by neutron bombardment. In 1940 President Roosevelt organized the National Defense Research Committee, which was determined to develop an atomic bomb. Development and construction of the atomic bomb was the most closely guarded secret in scientific history. This was a

Instate violence has decreased in recent decades when it comes to nuclear war, but small arms war is still wide spread. More "wars" have had the use of guns than the use of nuclear weapons. More people have been killed in "wars" because of guns than because of nuclear weapons. However, more people can be killed in an instant by nuclear weapons whereas when you use a gun, more people can be killed in a span of a few months. It is also easier and cheaper to get a gun than it is to make and use a nuclear weapon. Terrorists are scary with a gun or a box-cutter, but imagining ISIS or Al Qaeda with a nuclear weapon would cause the utmost terror across America.

German physicist, Otto Hahn and German chemist, Fritz Strassmann, began conducting experiments on uranium when, in 1938, the two were completely bewildered by the results of their experiment and sent the outcome to physicist Lise Meitner who was astounded by the results as well. Otto Hahn, Fritz Strassmann, and Lise Meitner had become the first to recognize that uranium could split and release energy. ("Harnessing of Nuclear Fission.") Soon after though, the war started.

Rutherford's issue was explaining the perplexing problem at the time of radioactivity of the spontaneous disintegration of atoms. One of his main

After reading more of the book: Schlesinger dives deeper into the nuclear arms race and the effects. As seen when he states, "Under the hypnosis of dogma, ideologues in Washington today see an unlimited nuclear arms race not as an appalling threat to all humanity but as a neat way to do the Russians in." (Schlesinger 64) The nuclear arms race being a threat that affected many people throughout the cold war the peak of it being in the Cuban Missile Crisis. After that Americans wanting to limit nuclear arms as seen through the SALT talks in the 1970s. I find this book very interesting and informative as well and how American policy has been shaped by the Nuclear arms build up, throughout the 1940s up to the 1980s.

“This work prepared the way for the discovery of the neutron by Sir James Chadwick and, above all, for the discovery in 1934 by Irene and Frederic Joliot-Curie of artificial radioactivity” (Britannica). Marie Curie had stockpiled enough radium so that her daughter, Irene Curie, and her husband discovered artificial radioactivity. This led to ease of locating tumors using radioactive isotopes of certain elements and to the discovery of the neutron in nucleus of atoms. It solved many occurrences that scientists couldn't explain, such as what happened during alpha decay and atomic masses of

Electromagnetic radiation is the term used to describe the different types of energy that are released into space. The Compton effect is when high energy protons collide (x-rays) with a target and transfer energy to a single electron. This research of his supported Albert Einstein's theory of light, E=mc². On behalf of his research and the discovery of the Compton Effect he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1927 for his work in physics. For being such a valuable physicist Arthur was recognized by the government and recruited to work on the top secret assignment, The Manhattan Project. The Manhattan Project was a research and developmental project to create the world’s first nuclear bomb. Arthur Compton died on Thursday, March 15, 1962 in Berkeley, California because of an intracerebral hemorrhage (an unpredicted accident when a diseased blood vessel ruptures in the brain creating damage or death). Arthur Compton’s doing on the Manhattan Project with using atoms to create the first nuclear bomb will forever be an important part of

Ernest Rutherford, a Britain born physicist, is credited for the creation of nuclear physics. Rutherford, while studying the effect x-rays had on various metals, shortly after his discovery of radioactivity, was intrigued by the components of Uranium. In search of finding a way to count individual light particles, Rutherford discovered the effects of zinc sulfide.

J.J. Thomson’s experiments using the cathode ray showed corpuscles and proved that the electron is a negatively charged particle and is located outside of the nucleus. By using the discharge tube, he determined how much heat the cathode tube generated. His plum

Ernest Rutherford, 31 year old New Zealander, partners with Frederick Soddy to try and solve the mystery of uranium. They find that uranium spits out chunks of itself, and these chunks are radiation. The uranium then transforms into a completely different element. When the uranium spit out chunks of itself, it was losing protons so it no longer has 92. This is called transmutation.

This is what led Curie to take Becquerel’s work a few steps further and conduct her own experiments on uranium rays. She discovered that the rays were constant no matter what form or condition of the uranium. She theorized the rays came from the atomic structure. This idea was revolutionary and created its own field in science, known as the atomic physics, this is when Marie coined the word “radioactivity” to describe the phenomena. Even when they had their first daughter Irene in 1897 there work did not slow. Pierre then stopped his own studies to help Marie with her new discovery of radioactivity. In 1898 they discovered a new radioactive element. They named it polonium after Marie’s native country, Poland. They detected the presence of another radioactive element and called this radium. In 1902 they had extracted pure radium to prove its existence as a unique chemical element.