Japanese Encephalitis Research Paper

Ecological factors that encourage the Anopheles mosquito, and thus also encourage the prevalence of malaria include: being near the equator, densely populated areas, warmer temperatures, standing water, maintaining water for irrigation and deforested areas. (Holy p.1)

While many forms of encephalitis exist, West Nile Virus was first isolated and identified in the West Nile District of Uganda in 1937. The virus, which was seemingly isolated to North Eastern Africa, became recognized as a cause of severe human meningoencephalitis (inflammation of the spinal cord and brain) in elderly patients during an outbreak in Israel in 1957. In addition to the human victims of this disease, the virus was found Egypt and

West Nile Virus (WNV) was originally detected from a woman in Uganda in 1937. WNV first appeared in the United States in 1999 in New York which was the first incident in the Western Hemisphere. WNV is a mosquito-borne virus (arbovirus). It is in the flavivirus family. WNV is a neurotropic virus. WNV is a member of the Japanese encephalitis virus. Severe encephalitis outbreaks in humans have been escalating. The means by which the virus gains access to the brain (also known as neuroinvasion) seems inadequately understood. Suggestions of the hypothesis of WNV leans towards the concept of blood-brain barrier disruption and retrograde axonal transport (Suen et al., 2014)

Birds are the main start of the Virus. They pass it on the the mosquitoes, so the birds are not directly giving the virus to anyone but the mosquitoes (Indiana). The most common way to get The West Nile virus is by mosquitoes. They will bite the skin and the bite can either become infected or the mosquito could have the virus before it bit the person, causing them to be infected no matter what. It cannot be transmitted from person to person or animal to animal, or by handling and working with infected birds. Although it can be transmitted by blood transfusions, or by mother to baby during pregnancy, the virus may not get passed on without the bite of a mosquito

The Iowa Department of Public Health has confirmed a rare case of disease caused by the Jamestown Canyon virus. In addition, there are two cases has been reported to the Iowa’s Health Department about West Nile Virus, which is also an illness spread by mosquitoes, along with Jamestown Canyon virus. According to the author, people who are infected by these two viruses will experience: “fever, headache, and flulike illness.” Luckily, however, “the patients who had Jamestown Canyon virus and West Nile virus are slowly recovering.”

Encephalitis is a neurological disorder that results in the inflammation of the brain and sometimes the meninges. It is usually due to a viral infection. Most often arboviruses cause encephalitis, by transference via mosquitos to humans and animals. When bitten by an infected mosquito the virus moves from the mosquito into the person’s blood, it then reaches the brain and spinal cord, it multiplies within the central nervous system thus inflaming and damaging nerve cells, this interferes with signals from the brain to the rest of the body. The herpes simplex virus type one can commonly cause encephalitis. HIV has also been noted as an increasing cause of encephalitis. Viral infections like: mumps, chicken pox and measles can also cause encephalitis, but rarely.

Zika virus was discovered by scientists in the Zika rainforest in a remote part of Uganda in 1947, in the serum of an infected rheseus monkey. With five thousand two hundred thirty- four known cases of the infectious virus documented in the United States. There is currently no vaccination for the flu like virus. The chief concern of the healthcare administration is to continue to take preventive measures to prevent contracting the virus. Within the same flavivirus family

Encephalitis literally means an inflammation of the brain, but it usually refers to brain inflammation caused by a virus. It may also be called “acute viral encephalitis or aseptic encephalitis';. Encephalitis is an infectious disease of the Central Nervous System characterized by pathologic changes in both the gray and white matter of the spinal cord and brain. It may be due to specific disease entity such as rabies or an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus), or it may occur as a sequela of influenza, measles, German measles, chicken pox, herpes virus infection, small pox, vaccinia, or other diseases. The specific viruses involved may vary. Exposure can also occur through insect bites, food or drink, or skin

Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease (CJD) is a rapidly progressive form of Dementia. Early diagnosis is important because the underlying cause of Dementia may be treatable. It appears randomly with no apparent reason, about 10% of those who are infected receive the disease through heredity. The use of a computerized axial tomography scan (CT) can help rule out other problems like stroke or brain tumor. The most effective is a Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), because it can reveal patterns of abnormal brain signals and characteristics of CJD. In rare cases a brain biopsy may need to be performed. A small piece of tissue is removed and it is examined by a Neuropathologist, usually an MRI is sufficient. When a symptom on set happens, individuals may develop confusion, depression, behavioral changes, impaired vision and impaired coordination. As the disease processes there may be a loss of memory, also infected individuals may develop neuromuscular abnormalities. In later stages of the disease, individuals may have further loss of physical, intellectual functions, a coma, and repeated infections of the respiratory tract. Some people have life threatening and life ending complications, that develop less than a year after being

What is West Nile Fever? West Nile fever also known as West Nile virus is a mosquito borne disease transferred from mosquito to person. Encephalitis is a disease that West nile virus can cause. What encephalitis does is it causes inflammation of the brain which in some cases can be fatal. The west Nile virus wasn’t discovered until 1937 in Africa. The disease didn’t make its way into the United States until 1999. The Virus is most common during the summer months (July- September) which is when mosquitos the carrier of the disease are most active. But in some states it is at risk all year round. Most people who are bitten and infected even receive the virus.

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis is an immune-mediated inflammatory demyelinating condition that affects the white matter of the brain and spinal cord. ADEM also attacks the nerves of the central nervous system and damages their myelin insulation, which destroys the white matter. It is often triggered after the patient has received a viral infection or sometimes exceedingly rarely specific non-routine vaccinations. It affects children more than adults but can affect anyone. More than half of patients have an illness usually an infection two to four weeks before developing ADEM. Most of these illnesses are viral or bacterial, often no more than an upper respiratory tract infection. In children with ADEM, prolonged and severe headaches occur. In addition, the patient develops fevers during the ADEM course.

According to Sejvar (2014), “the ongoing outbreak of the West Nile virus in North America has greatly expanded our understanding of the spectrum of illness associated with the West Nile Virus infection in humans, and a number of previously under-recognized syndromes have been characterized” (para. 2). This includes the sign and symptoms, short-term and long-term complications, and

Encephalitis is a rare disease commonly found in young children and elderly adults who posses a weaker immune system. Symptoms of this viral and or bacterial infection range from mild to life threating symptoms. They include sudden fever, stiff neck, headaches, vomiting, irritability, confusion, and drowsiness. Viral Encephalitis can develop during or after a viral infection, for example: influenza, rabies, measles, and simple herpes. Encephalitis can also be contracted as a bacterial infection, which can alter the treatment of the disease. Treatment for Encephalitis can differentiate depending on the severity of the disease. The most common treatments seen in Encephalitis are antibiotics, antiviral therapy, acyclovir, and hydration

Some of the viruses that cause encephalitis are arboviruses, cytomegalovirus, poliovirus, herpes zoster, and herpes simplex type 1. West Nile virus has been a big

For an example, in 1996, a major cholera outbreak occurred in Penang with subsequent spread to the other Peninsular States which results in a total of 1,182 reported cases and 231 detected carriers. Even though there were no fatalities, the consequences of direct and indirect costs of the outbreak had adverse implications in several sectors. While in 1997, an outbreak of The Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Sarawak, mainly during the months of June and July, gained a lot of attention because of the 31 pediatric deaths cases. In 1999, a deadly emerging paramyxovirus called Nipah virus were isolated during a large outbreak of viral encephalitis resulted in 283 cases including 109 deaths. This was the first report of such infection in the world. This virus has many of the physical attributes to serve as a potential for bioterrorism. The outbreak cause widespread fear and panic because of its high mortality and the inability to control the spread of the disease. This deadly virus, believed to be introduced into pig farms by fruit bats then spread easily among pigs and was transmitted to humans who came to close contact with infected animals. The virus was also transmitted to the other animals such as cats and