Jean Baptiste Lamarck and Charles Darwins Theories of Evolution

example, the woolly mammoth can change the Arctic's icy tundra into a grassland which will

There are numerous counts of evidence showing the processes of evolution and how species ultimately evolved over millions of years. One of the most compelling hypotheses behind evolution was presented by Charles Darwin with his study of the Galapagos Islands. His study showing the various different birds and their different evolutions they went through to be able to survive the changes of weather and relocation. The birds he studied had to change in order to survive, or as he simply puts it: “Survival of the Fittest”. Evolution is the changing of past organisms to diversify and have the ability to fit better in their environment and survive. Diving into the dinosaur cladogram, studies have shown that ancient dinosaurs, over hundreds of millions of years ago, evolved into our modern day birds, and not lizards as many suppose. It became apparent that there would not be enough food for a 9 ton dinosaur to consume on a daily basis forever. So evolution occurred and dinosaurs evolved to become more efficient so they could survive more effectively in their

Evolution: the process by which different kinds of living organisms are thought to have developed and diversified from earlier forms during the history of the earth.

Evolution: Charles Darwin's theory was that species change over time, or evolve, in response to their environment. A good example of this is the evolution of the Kangaroo. Approximately 55 MYA the kangaroos looked quite similar to a possum and it was a tree dweller with a prehensile tail, but as Gondwana split up, the rainforests disappeared, the climate became hotter and the land dry and arid, the kangaroo evolved along the way and have come to look like what they do now.

When sometimes around twelve thousand years ago climate started to become warmer and ice started to melt, it created a great allowance for ancient hunters to reach North America. Native Americans started to hunt in the wider areas and supply their community with a lot of meat. When people started to have more food, especially meat that caused a fast growth of population. For some unknown reasons, at the same time big mammals and mastodons started to disappear from the Earth. It is a possibility that the climate warming and lack of water sources played a role of the disappearance these big animals. Lack of water put animals in the situation when survival is not possible. The climate change also made a big adjustment in human’s ration and style of life. When people started to spread to North America, they discovered a lot of new food sources like small animals, fish, different kind of nuts and berries.

Hypothesis supporting climate change as a factor in Neanderthal extinction has taken on two forms - Neanderthals inability to adapt to harsh environments and prey extinction. Traditionally, Neanderthal extinction has been contributed to sudden climate change in which the species was unable to adapt (Houldcroft & Underdown 2015). Despite the fact that Neanderthal fossil exhibit ecomorphological characteristics that suggest they were adapted to colder ‘ice age’ environments; there is considerable evidence that supports the hypothesis that climatic changes are responsible for their sudden disappearance (Rae et al 2011; Stewart 2005). Neanderthal species were unlike any

comes from and how they evolved in the manner that they did. This type of

Throughout time, horses have evolved as a response to environmental changes and other factors. Beginning in the Eocene, the number of horse forms increased dramatically; exhibiting a variety of distinct adaptions to different environments (lab notes). However, by the end of the Pleistocene, the diversity disappeared, leaving a single extant genus; the Eqqus. During the 55 million years in which horses are believed to be evolving, and as environmental changes were taking place, there were changes in the vegetation of North America, Eurasia and Africa, influencing distinct selective forces. As a result, natural selection produced morphological adaptions; observed in the fossil record.

This lead to many different tests being performed throughout the years to conclusively discover how several particular classes of mammoths actually evolved and what drove the changes within. The arguments of mammoth evolution discussed in this paper are not completely factual, for there is not enough evidence behind studies to confirm these tests and experiments as completely factual; rather everything that will be discussed will be based on scientific theory. Due to this, do not

Having a certain body type is important to able to live in a specific environment, whether living in cold or hot climate. Neanderthals were able to adapt to the Ice Age by having wide noses to be able to warm up the cold air. According to Bergman and Allen’s rule, those with greater body bulk and shorter appendages do best in colder

The article “Study Says Climate Change Influenced Canine Evolution” by David deMar addresses the big idea of the process of evolution driving the diversity and unity of life. The reason why this article addresses big idea one is because the article’s main purpose is to inform the public about the role the climate change has played in shaping Canine life today and to explain how canine evolved over the years from adaptation and survival needs. Along with this the article hopes to use the knowledge gained by this research to explain how other organisms have evolved similarly to climate change. “Study Says Climate Change Influenced Canine Evolution” is about how the research published by professor Christine Janis and others claims that the evolution

The most recognised school of thought was that climate change, occurring rapidly during the end of the most recent ice age, caused alterations in the environment that the Mammoths were unable to adapt to. We can look at various types of proxy evidence to support how climate change led to Mammoth’s extinction. Firstly, by looking at frozen carcasses of Siberian Mammoths we are able, in some cases, to investigate what its diet used to consist of. For example, when the intestines were still preserved in a frozen carcass, it was possible to identify its last meal, telling us about the vegetation in the mammal’s surroundings before it died. This helps us in the understanding of how the species became extinct, as mammoths were herbivores, feeding on grasslands, and changes in climatic conditions caused changes in vegetation or loss of habitat.

Over the past few decades, the expression of a variety of life history, behavioural, and physiological traits have been correlated with systematic environmental changes in temperature, growing season length, and precipitation1,2. The assumed causal pathway in most if not all studies is that environmental changes drive changes in traits, and these changes lead to changes in fitness3. This causal model has rarely been explicitly tested and the quantitative genetic consequences of such changes in fitness are mostly unknown. Here, we close that gap by combining both a path analysis and a quantitative genetic approach on 37 years of data on a wild population of adult female yellow-bellied marmots. We demonstrate that changes in body mass were driven by the changes in spring temperature, but contrary to any expectations the increase in fitness was not caused by changes in temperature or body mass. Changes in body mass are thus not directly responsible for the observed change in population dynamic. In addition, we found a constant positive selection at the phenotypic level on body mass, a constant heritability of fitness, and a varying (but not trending) heritability of body mass. Our results clearly indicate that the changes in body mass are not due to an evolutionary response, and that evolutionary dynamics have not been modified because the fitness-body mass relation has remained constant. Global climate changes have the potential to impact dramatically multiple traits, as well

Throughout the history of Earth, the climate has changed to varying degrees by natural causes. When the world first began, the climate was unstable and devoid of the atmosphere that we know of today. It was not until bacteria were able to fix nitrogen did the Earth begin to develop its nitrogen and eventually nitrogen-oxygen atmosphere allowing modern hominids to advance. Earth was cooler after the chaotic activity of its early days subsided, experiencing multiple Ice Ages and periods of severe warming. The last major Ice Age occurred around one-hundred thousand years ago, and profoundly impacted life on Earth. Although Earth continued to go through periodic changes in global temperatures, these changes were eventually relatively minor and life adapted to this climate.

Rapid climate change also ends up on the suspect list of possible dinosaur extinction events. During the latter part of the Cretaceous Period continents broke up causing volcanoes to erupt and fill the sky with gas and ash resulting in a drastic climate change (“Dinosaurs Climate Change and Biodiversity”). The shifting of continents changed the Earth’s landscape, altering weather patterns and overall climate (“Dinosaur Extinction Theories”). Also, over a long period of time, climate gradually changed. Ocean habits changed, temperatures grew much more extreme causing scorching summers and frigid winters (Norell, Dingus, and Gaffney). Radical temperature changes like these led to a green-house effect, making life for the dinosaurs a lot