John Searle's Argument Analysis

Mark Zepezauer’s article, “MK-Ultra from the Book the CIAs Greatest Hits” discusses the psychology experiment conducted by the CIA, MK-Ultra. The MK-ultra conducted a study that used mind control on their participants. Zepezauer recounts the events of the CIA tries to defend their stance by claiming they used the method in response to the brainwashing from the Chinese that was happening in the fifties. He says that mind control practices took place prior to 1953, but became popular after the experiment. He continues to explain how the CIA would use drugs, including LSD, and test them on their patients that were unaware of what tests were upon them. Zepezauer reveals that multiple suicides also took place in response to the given substances. He deliberated how the CIA rented out apartments and used prostitutes in their study. They used them to slip the drugs into their client’s pockets and the CIA would look through one-way mirrors to see the client’s response. Once the auditors discovered this, the MK-Ultra shut down and renamed the MKSEARCH. Mark Zepezauer

Every individual is wired their own way, however one screen can throw that all away. All it takes is that one click, one swipe, one flip to inveigle the innocent minds of the twenty first century class. Entertainment, better known as the very factor that provides people with pleasure, has turned into a controversial topic for most individuals. They see entertainment with the main purpose of providing happiness for all, ranging from the eldest audience, to the youngest of children. However, in reality, it is quite the opposite. Nineteenth century critic Neal Gabler posed the argument that society has the capability, “to overturn all morality, to poison the springs of domestic happiness, to dissolve the ties of our social order,” to propose the

The civil war did reduce sectional antagonist a huge amount but it also made the United states One Nation. The war was a test for the nation or in this case ANY nation for those dedicated to see if they could endure and a final resting place for those who died and for the nation to live. There was division between the north and the south which eventually brought upon the Brutal Civil War. In president Andrew John’s Amnesty proclamation, the Union forgave the confederate and made them swear on an oath to faithfully support, protect, and defend the constitution of the United States. “The union eventually showed that they had no “antagonist” against the south which made the United States One nation once again. The soldiers that risked their lives

The principle of a strong AI is that an appropriately programmed computer is actually thinking, as opposed to simulating thought. © Principle is equivalent(c?) to accepting the Turing Test as the definition of thought. Which Searle would not be surprised to see that a machine still hasn’t passed. Searle’s argument is straightforward. Searle’s premise on the “Chinese Room” is that someone who understands English sitting in a room with a set of rules that tells this person how to respond to questions written in Chinese in such a way as to pass the Turing test. To Searle this person in the room doesn’t “understand” (e) Chinese. Understanding, being that real comprehension or thought isn’t existent. So to Searle, any machine that can be passed by systems, which behave in purely formal ways (eP), can be explained in purely formal ways ©, just like the Chinese Room, so it is not an adequate test. Main idea to Searle is that person answering Chinese questions is not engaged in “intentional” behavior with theses questions, and is not “thinking about”(eP? Merely reacting to a mix of emotions/past experience) the answers. Thus, the test is

On June 26, 2015, the U.S. Supreme Court removed the ban on same-sex marriage nationwide. On July 15, 2015, Kenneth Jost published an article named “Will there be more gains after marriage ruling?” In this article, Jost discusses the viewpoints of the general public and argues that there may still be a struggle to gain full rights and respect for lesbian, gay, bi-sexual, and transgender (LGBT) people. The article covers the reaction of the public on June 26, along with politicians stand-points on the subject, and the Caitlyn Jenner controversy. Jost’s main argument is that LGBT people are not being protected by the government, even though they have gained the right to marry.

Since the dawn of mankind, clusters of innovations throughout history have allowed for societal progression at an explosive rate. While primarily fostering a centrifugal system of advancements; humans’ interests in expansion is spiraling out of control. Throughout history elements of collapse can be traced through civilizations and natural resources. Wright’s argument posits humans have hyperextended their utilization of resources at a rate that cannot be replenished, therein by setting up the world for the largest ecological collapse in history (Wright, 2004, pg. 130-131). Due to the cyclical process of past collapse and reformation humans have an advantage to rectify our current consumption rates ultimately avoiding a fate similar to past societies (Wright, 2004, pg. 131). As such Wright’s argument should frame larger discussions of responsible citizenship.

Nicholas Carr Claimed that the internet affects our information processing. Carr backed up his argument by speaking with a wide array of educated and reputable people like friends, colleagues, a blogger, GMU and a professor making his argument validity greater. Carr admits that he and his friends also; have the same problem by saying that he was appealing to emotions by using Ethos.

As an institutionalist, Steinmo has reflected his many perspectives on how the American government is reliant on institutions. While Steinmo does have a strong argument on how institutions impact the government, I believe culture plays a major role in the way our country runs. Steinmo’s argument that, “Much of American history can be and has been interpreted as a conflict over which set of values would hold force.” (Steinmo 1--) I believe this is a very accurate depiction of how conflicts have been resolved throughout history. Culture play a huge part into how people form their values, especially when noticing the differences between America and other countries.

“My Lady, I am submitting in its entirety the article written by Mr. Lofgren that nine newspapers rejected,” Godafrid pronounced. “Once again, there is documentation of how the Rochester Manninghouse Corporation purged Mr. Lofgren’s article from the World Wide Web. Additionally, I am forwarding compelling evidence indicating that the disregard for the freedom of information came at the behest of the World Governing Body. In fact, the office of John Jones-May issued point-by-point instructions commanding the media to reject news in any way injurious to the World Governing Body or its branches. News organizations not in compliance with these edicts faced the threat of closure. Thank you, Mr. Lofgren. Before we proceed further, we must establish

called consciousness is the Turing test (Turing, 1950) which, rather tellingly, was originally called the

Inequalities can apply to scenarios in everyday life. An inequality can be defined as “representation a set of solution that match a set of constraints”. In the written response to the inequalities and furniture, W. Lee builds an argument that the furniture company must sell 15 small bookcases and 25 large bookcases to maximize profits. Lee uses inequalities, mathematical reasoning and given textual informational to strengthen the logic and persuasive of his argument. After providing the analysis of the author’s argument, an error analysis will be conducted to determine whether W. Lee’s claim is accurate.

The assumption is that the person is capable of understanding Chinese, simply because he can manage to assemble a set of answers to questions that would be indistiquishable from a person who speaks Chinese. The problem is that the person in the room does not understand any of the answers, but is simply following instructions. Searle utilizes a system’s ability to pass the Turing test as a parameter in the study, though the person would still indeed not understand Chinese. Searle proceeds to refute the claims of strong AI one at a time, by positioning himself as the one who manipulates the Chinese symbols. The first claim is that a system, which can pass the Turing test, understands the input and output. Searle replies that as the "computer" in the Chinese room, he gains no understanding of Chinese by simply manipulating the symbols according to the formal program, in this case being the complex rules. (Searle, 1980) It was not necessary for the operator to have any understanding of what the interviewer is asking, or the replies that produced. He may not even know that there is a question and answer session going on outside the room.

Turing, a physicalist, believed that artificial intelligence could be achieved in the future. Turing argued that the mind was merely due to the physical aspects of the brain and so a machine could one day be created that has a mind of its own, i.e. artificial intelligence. He created a test called the Turing Test to determine whether a machine has artificial intelligence. In the Turing Test, an interrogator asks two subjects a series of questions. One of the subjects is a person, the other is the computer. The goal is for the person to imitate a computer and the computer to imitate the person. If the interrogator is fooled into thinking that the computer is the human then the computer, according to Turing, is concluded to have the ability to think and thus, have a mind. Turing argued that machines passing the Turing Test were sufficient for ascribing thought.

In his paper “Computing Machinery and Intelligence,” Alan Turing sets out to answer the question of whether machines can think in the same humans can by conceptualizing the question in concrete terms. In simple terms, Turing redefines the question by posing whether a machine can replicate the cognition of a human being. Yet, some may object to the notion that Turing’s new question effectively captures the nature of machines’ capacity for thought or consciousness, such as John Searle. In his Chinese room thought experiment, Searle outlines a scenario that implies machines’ apparent replication of human cognition does not yield conscious understanding. While Searle’s Chinese thought experiment demonstrates how a Turing test is not sufficient to establish that a machine can possess consciousness or thought, this argument does not prove that machines are absolutely incapable of consciousness or thought. Rather, given the ongoing uncertainty of the debate regarding the intelligence of machines, there can be no means to confirm or disconfirm the conscious experience of machines as well as the consciousness of humans by extension of that principle.

Alan Turing was a famous British mathematician and computer scientist who was determined to prove that machines at some point (possibly sometime in the future) would be able to surpass humans in intelligence levels. In order to prove this true, he created what became to be known as, “The Turing Test.” This test was basically to see if a computer could trick a person into believing that it was human. It would be asked a series of questions, which would be compared to responses of the human. It was designed so that one could judge the intelligence level of the computers’ responses. Turing believed that if a human could not tell the difference between another human and a computer, then it served as proof that a computer is equally intelligent as a human. Due to a large