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In experiment 1, participants were instructed to press a key to determine if the stimulus was red, blue, yellow, or green. On the second half of the experiment, the stimulus appeared in grey with only one colored letter which was positioned randomly. Error rates for the experiment were below 2.5% for each condition, which is quite low. Experiment 2 was the same as experiment 1 except that there were 114 data collections instead of 288 and there were 36 practice trials instead of 72. According to experiment 1 and 2 it is suggested that the effect of

Color is determined by the lengths of waves of light. Although there is no sure way to fully tell how we actually perceive color, there are two theories that seek to explain so. One is the trichromatic and the other opponent-process. Whereas one theory lacks in explaining a key problem the other succeeds, which is the case of the trichromatic theory and afterimages. Although the trichromatic theory does not explain the phenomenon of afterimages, of the two theories, the trichromatic one best explains how we see color.

The Stroop (1935) effect is the inability to ignore a color word when the task is to report the ink color of that word (i.e., to say "green" to the word RED in green ink). The present study investigated whether object-based processing contributes to the Stroop effect. According to this view, observers are unable to ignore irrelevant features of an attended object (Kahneman & Henik, 1981). In three experiments, participants had to name the color of one of two superimposed rectangles and to ignore words that appeared in the relevant object, in the irrelevant object, or in the background. The words were congruent,

It was found that tasks involving colors cause more interference. These two studies were similar to the present experiment, as they both required participants to verbally name colors while inhibiting themselves from naming the typed color, as fast as possible.

The current experiment is being run to investigate whether the global superiority effect is affected by the type of symbol, using a divided attention task. In previous studies Navon (1977), cited in Ness et al. (2014), used global letters made up of local letters to test how we process visual information. However, Yovel’s (2001), cited in Ness et al. (2014), divided attention task had two parts. Firstly, to see whether participants would react more quickly to global than local letters; and secondly, that there would be no difference to global and local target letters if the local letters were larger. In the current experiment the stimuli were global shapes and letters made up of local shapes and letters. They were tested to see the impact on processing and response times. The key features of the design was a 2x2 repeated measures design, and the participants performed on all four conditions which were two (IV’S) each with two levels.

The results indicated Mayra’s ability to process information that was being held within short-term memory was within the Above Average range (Working Memory standard score = 113). Mayra’s performance of the subtest Recall of Digits backward (T-Score = 60) was better than her performance on the Recall of Sequential Order subtest (T-Score = 55). Both tasks required Mayra to listen to a list of verbally presented words and/or numbers. She was required to hold the list in short-term memory while working on the list and re-ordering the words/numbers. Recall of Digits Backward was presented verbally. On Recall of Digits Backward, Mayra used an interesting strategy to successfully recall the numbers. When she struggled to remember the order of the numbers, she would verbally recall the list in the initial order and go back and say them in the required, backward form. On the Recall of Sequential Order subtest, the examiner presented the lists of body parts verbally. Mayra was required to encode the presented information and store it in her short-term memory. Then, she needed to mentally manipulate the encoded information to produce the body parts in a specific order. The ordering of the information required Mayra to visualize the body parts in sequential order from head to toe (e.g., elbow, foot, shoulder → shoulder, elbow, foot). Most

The experiment consisted of 6 trials that contained words such as: sleep, bed, tired etc. The participants were asked to look at the rectangle on the screen before starting the trials. In the first trial, the participants were asked to press the “start trial” button because a fixation dot would appear in the middle of the screen. The participants were asked to stare at the computer until a sequence of words appeared, with each word was presented for one second. After a full sequence was presented, a set of buttons were shown, each labeled with a word. Some the words were on the list, and some were not. The participant’s task was to click or tap on the buttons to indicate which words were in the sequence. The sequence of words consisted of the actual words shown or related or unrelated words. For example, some trials consisted of all sleep related content to see if the participant would select items that were related or select items that were not in the sequence. After identifying the words that were shown in the sequence, they would receive feedback on the accuracy of their memory. After the participants were done

INTORDUCTION J.R. Stroop conducted experiments in the 1930’s investigating the effects of conflicting word and colour stimuli on both word and colour recognition (Stroop, (1935, p.643-662)) His experiment involved the use of three different sets of stimuli; the first with names of colours printed in black; the second with names of colours printed in a conflicting colour: and the third with squares of colour. Stroop wanted to examine the difference in reaction time between conflicting and non-conflicting stimuli. The first and second stimuli were combined and the participant was asked to read out the semantic meaning of the word. While reaction times increased when presented with conflicting stimuli, the difference was not significant enough to assume interference.

This bar graph, is used to demonstrate the overall time of the three trials for the twenty participants. We calculated the average for each trial by adding the time up and then dividing by the average which is twenty. This demonstrated how more participants take more time to recognize a color than to read a word. During the first two trials the participants read the word at a quicker pace, than it recognizes color.

Morton and Chambers’ (1973) supposed that people are able to read words faster than naming colours. It appears that their mind chooses to receive specific presented stimulus before

The Working Memory Composite measures EE106’s ability to register, maintain, and manipulate visual and auditory information in conscious awareness. Working Memory assists an individual in controlling attention and resisting distractions. This composite is composed of the Recall of Sequential Order and Recall of Digits- Backward subtests. On the Recall of Sequential Order subtest, EE106 looked at a picture of a person. He was reminded of the different body parts. Then, the examiner asked EE106 to identify which body was higher. EE106 was not able to successfully complete this task, possibly because he was not able to correctly identify body parts. On the Recall of Digits –Backwards, the examiner read a group of numbers and asked EE106 to repeat

Prior to the early 1970s the prominent idea of how memories were formed and retrieved revolved around the idea of processing memory into specific stores (Francis & Neath, 2014). These memory stores were identified as sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. In contrast to this idea, two researchers named Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart proposed an idea linking the type of encoding to retrieval (Goldstein, 2015). This idea is known as the levels of processing theory. According to this theory, memory depends on the depth of processing that a given item is received by an individual (Goldstein, 2015). Craik and Lockhart stressed four points in supporting their theory. First, they argued that memory was the result of a series of analyses, each level of the series forming a deeper level of processing than the preceding level (Francis & Neath, 2014). The shallow levels of processing were believed to hold less importance and are defined as giving little attention to meaning of an item. Examples of which include focusing on how a word sounds or memorizing a phone number by repeating it over and over again (Francis & Neath, 2014) (Goldstein, 2015). The deeper levels processing involve paying close attention to the meaning of an item and relating that meaning to something else, an example of which would be focusing on the meaning of a word rather than just how the word sounds (Francis & Neath, 2014) (Goldstein, 2015). The second point Craik and Lockhart

While interacting with the world, human visual system is perhaps the first and foremost biological process system that directly involves in detecting information. As Colin Ware (2013) noted in Information Visualization, “We acquire more information through vision than through all of the other senses combined”. Hence, it is crucial for information designers to understand influential factors which affect our visual system in order to optimize information visualization for users. With visual sensory system acting as a signal detecting system, this paper intends to look at a variety of perceptual elements of a particular case but mainly focuses on their visibility in terms of contrast and color. More specifically, the paper will be examining these concepts as if the website is viewing by an elderly user.

These 60 objects were divided into three lists of 20 objects. Objects were randomly presented one at a time and were shown only once throughout the duration of study. The presentation order of the stimulus lists, and the matching of lists to the three conditions, was fully counterbalanced across participants (3 lists containing 20 images counterbalanced across 3 blocks, resulting in 36 possible combinations). Importantly, there was no effect of list type (i.e., List A versus B or C). Specifically, there were no main effects or interaction effects of the factor List or List sequence on subvocalization rates.

Increasing attention to visual stimuli results in a stronger response at the neuronal level (Reynolds & Chelazzi, 2004). The capability to retain working memory of a visual stimulus is enhanced when attention is fully focused on the stimulus compared to when objects in the periphery of focus act as