Joining Macromolecules In An Organ's Body

They are all polymers made during dehydration synthesis reactions from monomers. These reactions result in the loss of water forming strong covalent bonds. They are referred to as endergonic reactions since they require an input of energy. Hydrolytic reactions are the opposite as they break polymers into single unit monomers using water and in the process releasing energy thus referred to as exergonic reactions (Gorrod, 1985). The monomer form of carbohydrates is a monosaccharide e.g. glucose (used for energy in cells), fructose and ribose. When two monosaccharides undergo a dehydration synthesis reaction they form a disaccharide e.g. sucrose, which is a combination of glucose and fructose. Sucrose is used for transport in plants. Polysaccharides consist of three or more covalently bonded monosaccharides. Starch and glycogen are good examples and are both used in energy storage in plants and animals respectively. Monomers of lipids are fatty acids and glycerol while amino acids are monomers of proteins. Amino acids mainly function to regulate different cell functions as well as catalyze various cell reactions. Nucleotides are the monomers of nucleic acids and they function in storing the genetic information of a cell (DNA) and synthesis of proteins (RNA). All these monomers undergo dehydration synthesis reactions to form their corresponding polymers and are used in

For example, molecules with projecting Hydrogen atoms bond with molecules with projecting Hydroxyl groups (-OH), forming water. The water molecule then leaves the reactants, allowing them to bond to form a larger, more complex molecule.

3) Hydrolysis - Water used to breakdown molecules. Hydro means water and lysis means to breakdown. An example of hydrolysis in action within our bodies is how our body breaks down protein into amino acids. Water is used to break protein down in to its amino acids.

Condensation reaction is a chemical reaction that joins two reactants to form a larger molecule with the loss of a small molecule, usually water. 1 This reaction is used as a basis for many important process in the plastic/food industry. The most common being the formation of ester, also known as esterification. When a carboxylic acid is reacted with alcohol in the presence of a dehydrating agent, ester and water molecule are formed as products:

Molecule combining to form complex compounds is the process involved in anabolism. Cells combine amino acids to form structural proteins and functional proteins. Structural proteins help repair and replace tissues. Enzymes, antibodies and hormones are functional proteins that respectively catalyse chemical reactions, help fight disease and regulate body processes.

Amino acids can be used to synthesize proteins for cellular structure; for energy; and to synthesize proteins that function in various body processes.

There are thousands of chemical reactions that occur in a cell at every moment. These chemical reactions do not occur randomly, they are highly under the control of biological catalysts called enzymes. Most of these enzymes are proteins. These proteins have certain primary structures directed by

Proteins are polymeric chains that are built from monomers called amino acids. All structural and functional properties of proteins derive from the chemical properties of the polypeptide chain. There are four levels of protein structural organization: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. Primary structure is defined as the linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. The secondary structure refers to certain regular geometric figures of the chain. Tertiary structure results from long-range contacts within the chain. The quaternary structure is the organization of protein subunits, or two or more independent polypeptide chains.

All the organelles have to work together. They all have a certain task to do and they carry that task on and on with every organelle. The cells have to make and transport protein to the nucleus to create RNA. The animal cells need protein for the growth and damage with tissues. First, is starts with chromosomes which contains information to make the protein. Since the DNA isn’t allowed to leave the nucleus its copied onto a temporary carrier called a messenger RNA. Next, the messenger RNA would transport to the cytosol. While in the cytosol and get help to transfer the protein to the ribosomes docked onto the endoplasmic reticulum. The ribosomes has to use amino acids to build the protein. Lastly after the protein is built it goes through the endoplasmic reticulum to have a few last finishing touches.

The type of bio-macromolecule that is an enzyme is a protein. The three factors that affect the tertiary structure of a protein is the primary sequence of amino acids, the different kinds of bonds involved in the structure, and different charges of the amino acids. When a protein is denatured, all the non-covalent bonds break apart and release energy. This loses the shape and function of the protein.

The body makes many different types of proteins, each of which has a specific job. Oftentimes, the shape of the protein molecule is what allows it to do its unique job. A protein molecule is made up of a string of amino acids and each of these amino acids has a net positive, negative, or neutral charge. If two adjacent amino acids on the string both have a positive charge or both have a negative charge, then will repel each other and force each other to move apart. If one has a negative charge and the other a positive charge, they will move closer together. Thus all that pushing and pulling will determine the ultimate shape of the molecule. (Fowler, 2013)

In living organisms, chemical reactions are catalyzed with the help of molecules called enzymes. These molecules, which are proteins, all have a specific shape. This shape directly relates to the function of the enzyme. Enzyme’s fulfill their catalytic function by lowering a chemical reaction’s activation energy. They do this by binding to a substrate, the molecule(s) the enzyme will react with, at the enzyme’s active site.

Campbell and Farrell define proteins as polymers of amino acids that have been covalently joined through peptide bonds to form amino acid chains (61). A short amino acid chain comprising of thirty amino acids forms a peptide, and a longer chain of amino acids forms a polypeptide or a protein. Each of the amino acids making up a protein, has a fundamental design that comprises of a central carbon or alpha carbon that is bonded to a hydrogen element, an amino grouping, a carboxyl grouping, and a unique side chain or the R-group (Campbell and Farrell 61).

important role because every living organism needs proteins in order to speed up the biochemical

These four biomolecules are metabolized by the animal body. Each biomolecule is broken down in a different process. The end result of each process is the creation of usable energy for the body. This energy is used to work and generate other chemical reactions that help the body move and think. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids each provide energy to different places within the body that, in turn, stimulate other chemical reactions to occur, creating a chain reaction of chemical reactions throughout the body. The metabolization of these major