JordanF DNA RNA Experiment 1 Essay

To make an analogy, a gene is like a conductor of orchestra who guides and provides information to the performers. Although the conductor does not play an instrument in the orchestra, his main role is to provide information about the musical piece that they are playing to shape the overall sound of music. Each orchestra is unique and distinguishable from other ensembles because they have different conductors with different musical interpretation. Also, each member of the orchestra is like a protein. Some play violin, some play flute, and some play brass, just like how each protein in our body plays different functions depending on where they bind, with whom they interact with, and how they catalyze a reaction. Although the proteins contain the same genetic information all around the body of an individual, their interactions with each other during development lead to a formation of different individuals with unique phenotype.

B. A frameshift mutation changes every base pair to follow it, resulting in multiple amino acids potentially being changed. A point mutation just changes a single amino acid, which may not even change the amino acid that codon pairs for.

Compelling evidence of shared ancestry in living things is demonstrated in the genetic code. Throughout evolution, life forms develop new genes to support different body changes. Over an organism’s evolution, genes are commonly maintained, however, many complex organisms are capable or retaining various genes from their primitive past. DNA is constantly subject to mutations, or accidental changes in its code. Malformed or missing proteins are consequences of mutations, which can lead to various diseases. Such mutations are an overall history of the evolutionary life of a gene, which can be be caused by cell division or when DNA gets damaged by environmental factors, such as UV radiation, viruses, and chemicals. Although some mutations can be

The genetic code consists of 64 triplets of nucleotides called codons. With the exception of three codons, each codon encodes for at least one of the 20 canonical amino acids and most of the amino acids are encoded by more than one codon. The genetic code may be seen as a universal language shared by all living organisms.

Frameshift mutation is formed by a genetic mutation (insertions or deletions) of several nucleotides in a DNA sequence that is not divisible by three. Graph #1 is about the original DNA code for an amino acid arrangement, it also demonstrations the frameshift of one DNA base results in irregular amino acid arrangements. Graph #2 describes a frameshift

The mutation tell a wonderful story some of which is fictionalized in the novel "Clan of the Cave Bears." To read this history from bits of data, bone, and DNA is to wittiness the power of evolution, natural selection, and survival of the fittest. Both L1 and L2 survived against incredible odds, and yet not all of the mutations made it. That is the power of natural selection on an individual basis and evolution on a societal basis. Such a story points out that as a species we are ever changing. The question is now, who do we become

Degenerate codes are when there is more than one base triplet for the amino acids, excluding methionine and

In this mutation the nucleotides that randomly change don’t result in a change of the amino acid thus there is not an adverse result. The second type of mutation is the nonsense mutation. In this mutation, the nucleotide codon signals a stop codon and prematurely ends the protein sequence. This mutation can be catastrophic for an organism because it prevents complete proteins from being formed. The final basic mutation is the missense mutation. In the missense mutation, the interchanging of a single nucleotide can change the amino acid and ultimately change the structure and function of a cell i.e. Sickle Cell

First, the base substitution can be a silent mutation where the modified or changed codon corresponds to the same amino acid. According to Wang, Silent mutations are errors in DNA replication that do not cause a change in the amino acid sequence. For example, the codon UCU might accidentally be translated as UCC, but both codons call for the amino acid serine, so no disruptions in the formation of the protein occur. It is still a mutation in the DNA, but the mutation doesn't change the ultimate structure of the protein and won't have any effect on its function. Therefore, it is "silent. According to history, silence mutations were thought to be as of little to be insignificance. However, recent studies show otherwise (Wang). A silent mutation has a structural consequence by either speeding up or slowing down protein synthesis or affecting splicing. Which means that the original sequence of either amino acid or protein have a certain form or shape that it must maintain at all times and when that get switch around the shape change but the actual protein or amino acid itself does not

A change in a nucleotide within the DNA, called a base substitution, causes mutations to occur in protein production through the alteration of a single codon. These mutations are divided up into three different subcategories. The first of which is called a missense mutation resulting in the wrong amino acid being placed into a protein molecule. This type of mutation in a quaternary stage protein such as insulin would change the way that the insulin utilizes glucose within the body and may lead to a form of diabetes. Secondly, there is the nonsense mutation in which the changed codon terminates synthesis of the protein. This mutation would result in a deficit of the protein due to it’s no longer being produced and would cause either a change or lack of function within a quaternary stage protein. The last mutation causes no disruption to the protein. The silent mutation of an altered codon does not

Mutations in a gene's DNA sequence can alter the amino acid sequence of the protein encoded by the gene

Frameshift – a type of genetic mutation that concerns change of a gene’s reading frame caused by the addition or loss of DNA bases. A reading frame is composed of three bases; each of them codes for a amino acid. Frameshift mutation leads to the rearrangement of the grouped bases and alteration of the code for amino acids; as a result the protein formed with such amino acids is not

DNA, the double polymer composed of nucleotides, is directly responsible for the production of proteins via RNA. When a change occurs in a stand of DNA the resulting strand is mutated. An example of this could be a in the form of a frameshift mutation where a nucleotide sequence is either inserted or deleted from a sequence resulting in a new, and likely defective stand. This defective strand would then transcribe defective RNA, which would lead to mutated proteins being produced. These mutated proteins could have devastating effect on the body allowing cells to go unchecked with the end product being tumors or

Other types of mutations are insertion or deletions and gross rearrangements of chromosome structure which cause more severe changes in DNA. These mutations are caused, for example, by the insertion of a transposon (jumping elements), which can add many thousands of nucleotides of foreign DNA in the coding or regulatory region of a gene or by abnormal cellular recombination processes.

Since there is a massive distance between coding ones because of the percentage of junk DNA, if one part of the genome is mutated or damaged it won’t affect the other coding parts.