Joseph W. Holley

In Various parts of the country, certain statutory provisions and public policy prohibited the education for African Americans. In 1837, in the Cheyney, Pennsylvania, first higher education institution was established to educate African Americans. After this two other black institutions founded; one was Lincoln University, in Pennsylvania in the year 1854 and another was Wilberforce University, in Ohio in the year 1856. The Mission of those institutions was to provide education for African American students who had not any previous education in the level of secondary and elementary schools.(HBCUs and Higher Education Desegregation, March

Historically Black Colleges and Universities were established for African Americans during a time of strict segregation. “For most of America’s history, African Americans who received a college education could only get it from an HBCU. Today, HBCUs remain one of the surest ways for an African American, or student of any race, to receive a high quality education.” The first Historically Black College and University established is formerly known as the Institute for Colored Youth founded by Richard Humpreys in 1837, approximately 26 years before slavery ended. “Today, this school is better known as Cheney University of Pennsylvania, the oldest African American institution of higher learning.” Two other institutions that were established prior

One of the most important events that had occurred in the state of Georgia that would forever shape its history begun shortly after the American Revolution. When the cotton gin was invented, Georgia’s economy had transformed into a cotton and tobacco based plantation economy. In order to keep with the demands of the economy and citizens, Georgia had adopted the Headright System. The Headright System granted every head of household large acreages of land, which would quickly replace the small farms in Georgia. Then in 1783, the Treaty of Paris had formally ended the American Revolution. Although the war had ended, the nation was still troubled with various issues. The state of Georgia would see shortly after the Revolutionary War that although the Treaty of Paris had given the Floridian territory back to Spain, they were to be left to settle an international dispute once Spain asserted their ownership of land east of the Mississippi and north of the Yazoo River. Georgian’s who were eager to purchase the large amounts of land found west of the Mississippi to either begin plantations or to sell lands to planters. This would soon cause the climax of much trouble in Georgia when state legislators and land companies would work together to essentially set the prices to sell the land in what would be known as the “Yazoo Sale” scandal, which would indirectly result in the Trail of Tears. The most important themes and trends in Georgia’s history from the end of the American

| |Funded by fees paid by parents and income from investments. Governing body responsible for running the school. There are around |

Born a slave on a Virginia farm, Booker Taliaferro Washington (1856-1915) rose to become one of the most influential African-American intellectuals of the late 19th century. He was nine years old when the Civil War ended. He worked hard as a young child and at 16, he left home to attend Hampton Institute. One of the few black high schools in the South, it focused on industrial and agricultural training while maintaining an extremely structured curriculum that stressed discipline and high moral character. Washington thrived in that environment. He eventually went on to head a new school in Tuskegee, Alabama. The Tuskegee Institute was devoted to the training of black teachers, farmers, and skilled workers. Under his

Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) were mostly founded shortly after slavery ended in the United States of America. Christopher Brown II and Trimika Yates (2005) stated HBCUs were “ established as formal education centers to educate freed blacks, these institutions began with curriculum that stressed basic reading and math, as well as agricultural and mechanical training.” From that time until the end of 1890 more that 200 schools arise throughout the United States of America, all established with goal of providing an education for freed blacks. This was a significant time in the history of the United States, while Blacks were freed, segregation was still socially acceptable, it took more than 100 years before laws were passed to address segregation in United States of America.

Washington had three jobs before becoming a teacher, which consisted of carrying sacks of grains to a plantation mill, working in a salt mine with his step-father, and he was also a houseboy for Viola Ruffner in 1866. Viola saw the determination of wanting to learn in Booker’s face, in two years she grew to understand him. Eventually she allowed him to attend school for an hour a day during winter. When Booker T. Washington’s became a teacher, he taught African- Americans how to make themselves even more valuable to their community than they were recognized for. The name of the school was Tuskegee University, he was recommended by General Armstrong to run the school. Washington took on that responsibility and help raise money and promote the school, while doing that he reassured whites that the programs within this school would not threaten white supremacy or pose any economic competition to whites.

Therefore if Georgia the colony was a success or failure for the Trustees, I would say it was a success. The colony creates strong with many individuals believe that they can create a place of power and harmony. However, in everything, there are setbacks and situations that no one can predict. The Georgia colony struggled for a good amount of years but at the end, they gain by following the footsteps of the Northern

She allowed him to go to school for an hour a day during the winter months. He began to realize that his calm, respectful, and obedient morals helped him climb in the social and educational hierarchy. He traveled long and far in order to receive a higher education at Hampton Normal Agricultural Institute in Virginia. He convinced the school administrators to let him attend classes there and took a job as a janitor to help pay his tuition. The school 's founder and headmaster, General Samuel C. Armstrong, soon discovered the boy’s determination and offered him a scholarship that was sponsored by a white man. Growing up, Booker payed attention to all of the racial injustice around him. In his personal experiences, the discrimination was lessened by his submissiveness to whites. Although he had more privileges than many other colored people, he urged his people to befriend white people in order to receive for opportunities just as he did. He explained this in his 1895 speech, “‘To those who underestimate the importance of cultivating friendly relations with the Southern white man, who is their next-door neighbor, I would say: ‘Cast down your bucket where you are’ －cast it down in making friends in every manly way of the people of all races by whom we are surrounded.” (Washington) He believed that in order to do this, allowing segregation and obeying what whites had established would create a bond and create friendships.

Benjamin Oliver Davis Jr. recognized for being the first Black Air Force General, paved the way for the Black soldier. Benjamin Oliver Davis Jr. was born December 18, 1912, to Benjamin, Sr. and Elnora Dickerson Davis. Due to complications from childbirth, Elnora dies when Benjamin is four years old. His father Benjamin, Sr. the first Black General in the United States Army, serving in various capacities such as the Spanish-American War and the original Buffalo Soldier regiments was a pioneer for the black soldier and an influence to his son.

Joseph Brant was a Native American war leader who served alongside the British soldiers. Despite being a Native American, Joseph Brant was quite popular with the British. He helped convince King George III to let the Iroquois have a spot of land in Quebec if they agreed to fight with the British against the rebels. Although Joseph convinced many of the Iroquois to join the British army, some of them saw the opposite. Many of them like Joseph Louis Cook, who was also a Mohawk leader, became one of Brant’s lifelong enemies. His reputation for his bravery and courage led him to be appointed as one of the Mohawk war chiefs. Brant was not only

Booker T. Washington rose up from slavery and illiteracy to become the foremost educator and leader of black Americans at the turn of the century. He was born on April 5, 1856 in Franklin County, Virginia. As a child he worked in the salt mines but always found time for education. Washington constantly dreamed of college but as an African American this dream was nearly impossible. His scrupulous working habits from the mines set him out for college at the Hampton Institute. He graduated in 1876 and became a teacher at a rural school. After 2 years of teaching, he went back to the Hampton Institute and was a “professor” here for 2 more years. His next challenge would be at a new all black college, Tuskegee Institute where he would become president. Under Washington's leadership (1881-1915), Tuskegee Institute became an important force in black education. Washington won a Harvard honorary degree in 1891.

Historically Black Colleges and Universities were established for African Americans during a time of strict segregation. During slavery, to keep African Americans afraid and submissive, White Americans had laws in place making it illegal for them to learn how to read and write. “For most of America’s history, African Americans who received a college education could only get it from an HBCU. Today, HBCUs remain one of the surest ways for an African American, or student of any race, to receive a high quality education.” The first Historically Black College and University to be established is formerly known as the Institute for Colored Youth founded by Richard Humpreys in 1837, approximately 26 years before slavery ended. “Today, this school is better known as Cheney University of Pennsylvania, the oldest African American institution of higher learning.” Two other institutions that were later established prior to the Civil War are Lincoln University founded in 1854 and Wilberforce

The Rev. Joseph M. Colombe followed Father Pierre. He served from 1922-1937. He was born in 1885 in Quebec, Canada and became a naturalized citizen. His ministry was marked by involvement in underserved populations in the parish.

Born July 08 1902, J Lloyd Eaton began his own type of bibliomania during high school. During this period he started a collection devoted to pulp adventure stories. When he started medical school the collection criteria had expanded to detective stories and westerns. By the time he had established his practice, he became more focused on science fiction and fantasy. Like most bibliomaniacs, at first he was satisfied with only browsing bookstores. Gradually, this developed into working with dealers in New York and London. More interested in Pre-1920 materials, he had books from H.G Wells, Arthur Conan Doyle, H.P. Lovecraft, Frank Aubrey, and other well-known twentieth century authors. Over a period of thirty years Eaton gathered seven thousand