Journal Synopsis

consists of two types; HSV1 and HSV-2, both of which infect humans and are easily

Numerous species of monkey were infected with the Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) or Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus (SHIV). The macaques were the primary group of monkeys infected. “Macaques are physiologically and immunologically similar to humans so there is a significant advantage over rodents and other species. The pathogenic SIV infection of macaques can lead to a disease that is called “simian AIDS;” it is similar in many respects to the disease caused by HIV-1 in humans” (Evans and Silvestri). Using the macaques allows different treatments to occur on the experimental level that cannot be conducted in humans. The treatments have provided and continue to provide “essential information to reach a deeper understanding of the biology of HIV infection and AIDS” (Evans and Silvestri). Non-human primates are easier to use than humans do to the ability to control the timing, dose and route of the virus as well as collecting the samples from tissues that are difficult to collect from humans. Macaques can be infected by vaginal or rectal routes or by oral routes. Macaques have been used to test various “microbicides and vaccines for mucosal protection against HIV acquisition” (Evans and Silvestri). By using non-human primate models for studies of AIDS, many results have been

Scientists are analyzing an increase of rhesus monkeys in Silver Springs State Park state. It is suspected that monkeys are carrying herpes virus which can cause severe health and security problems for the human health as well as the animals of the park. From a healthcare perspective, it is quite common that certain monkey species might be the career of herpes virus. The infected monkeys might transmit the virus through their saliva and other bodily fluids. Individual visitors to the park are likely to be vulnerable through contact with saliva in macaque bites and scrapes or by contact with viral drop through feces and

The G (glycoprotein) protein is responsible for viral attachment and a major antigenic determinant of RSV since it induces protective antibodies (3).

Herpes simplex is a viral infection, also known as HSV. The virus is highly contagious. It can be transmitted by close or direct contact with an infected person. The herpes appear anywhere on the body. The most common herpes simplex is oral herpes and genital herpes. The oral herpes cause cold sores and fever blisters around the mouth and on the face. The genital herpes are generally around the genital.

Human herpes virus 1 (HHV1) is also known as herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1). It is typically the cause of cold sores around the mouth. HHV1 can also lead to infection in the genital area causing genital herpes usually through oral-genital contact, such as during oral sex. HHV1 infections are contagious and are usually spread from skin-to-skin contact with an infected person through small breaks in the skin or mucous membrane. The HHV1 virus is more likely to be spread through things like sharing eating utensils, razors, and towels from a

The herpes simplex virus, HSV for short, is a double-stranded DNA virus with an enveloped, icosahedral capsid. It is an infection of the skin and mucous membranes (CDC, 2014). According to the ancient Greeks, herpes means to "creep or crawl". It is named herpes because the virus creeps onto the skin from under the surface. It presents itself as fluid-filled blisters (AAD, 2014). Humans are the only primate species known to be infected with the distinct herpes simplex viruses. There are two types of the herpes simplex virus (Hunt, 2010).

Genera Lymphocryptovirus. (HHV-4). This virus has been known to be one of the most common viruses in humans. It may cause a host of human diseases such as chicken pox, shingles, multiple sclerosis, infectious mononucleosis, and Burkitts lymphoma which is one of the human cancers. More than ninety percent of the adult population have artificially acquired immunity

Genital herpes is a virus that can be transmitted through unprotected vaginal, anal, or oral sex. Often, the virus is dormant and the carrier is unaware of the chronic disease they hold. There are two types of herpes,  HSV-1 and HSV-2. There are only a few symptoms for this virus. They may be blisters on the genital areas, and sores around the outside of the mouth. People that do show symptoms will show within four to seven days after the infection has already entered their body. These symptoms may last as long as twenty days. Initially when someone becomes infected-if they show symptoms- the symptoms will occur frequently, and then as time passes will slowly spread out. Each time gradually getting less severe. Other symptoms may also be vaginal

The human herpes virus has a diameter of 150 nm. The DNA genome in the core is surrounded by an icosadeltahedral capsid. The capsid contains 162 capsomeres and it is enclosed with an envelope. Several glycoproteins are encoded into the envelope. Between the envelope and the capsid there is a space known as tegument which contains viral proteins and enzymes and it helps in replication

In the case of Helicase-primase drug therapy, there are drugs candidates that are already past the pre-clinical stage of development. The mode of action for Helicase-primase drug therapies involves inhibiting viral DNA replication as by targeting down the DNA polymerase complex. In contrast to current therapies that target the DNA pol gene either directly or through nucleoside analogs. This offers a better strategy for dealing with a potential HSV infection in a immune-compromised host by not allowing the virus to replicate potentially resistant progeny (11). Clinical trials have been conducted with HSV targeting drugs ASP 2151 Amenamevir, and AIC316 Pritelivir to evaluate their efficacy and safety in HSV infections. ASP2151 is a non-nucleoside,

These DNA viruses are able to replicate well in epithelial cells, also causing genitomucosal lesions or lesions associated with epidermodysplasia verucciformis (a rare and heritable genodermatosis).

Unlike the plague, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus is species specific and has puzzled many scientist about the possibility of overcoming its harsh implications. This mean that HIV can be found only within a particular species and, in this case, this virus tends to attack the human race. Many blame that the very existence of AIDS emerged from gay people or relations with animals, but it’s believed that transmission of this virus originated from a close derivative of HIV, SIV. SIV in known as Simian Immunodeficiency Virus which the Monkey virus that is equivalent to HIV. It has been known that the development of AIDS started with the transmission of SIV to humans via being bitten by a primates or the consumption of a primate who is infected

The HI–Virus needs a host cell to multiply. Like all viruses the HI-Virus is not an independent organism and requires a foreign metabolism to survive. It consists of an outer envelope, which contains the docking points for the connection with the host cell. The inner capsule contains the building plan of the virus – the RNA. The HI-Virus contains also a protein coat with the enzymes. It must penetrate a human cell, introduce its hereditary informations1 and reprogram the cell that it produces the building blocks for the viral protein. The target of the HI-Virus is the cell that carries the CD4 antigen on their surface. CD4-Antigens are certain proteins molecules on the surface of the cells, which serve as receptors for the HI-Virus.

This section describes the primate capture techniques, sample collection, storage methods and the procedure for testing for SFV in the serum of NHPs.