Julius Caesar Research Paper

When a fellow general received the message, he would wrap the paper around his corresponding scytale to decipher the message (Tyson 2014). Since the advent of computers though, encryption has become increasing important and relies almost solely on cryptographic means to secure information. When speaking about encryption today, it refers more to the process rather than the mathematical formulas used to scramble data. The basic idea behind encrypting a computer message is such that it is scrambled with a sequence of random bits, known as a key, and only parties with the corresponding key can transpose it back into a comprehensible format. These keys are created via a cipher, otherwise known as an algorithm. When a user sends a message, known as the plaintext, across a network, the computer applies an algorithm to the information to encode it, resulting in a ciphertext (Encryption Basics 2014). This method can be best summarized visually:

World War II was a major turning point in political, social, and militaristic history. One of the most important technological innovations was the German Enigma machine. The Germans had created unbreakable Enigma code. They created an Enigma machine which encrypted Morse code transmission message. The radio operators would need a key to put in the Enigma machine to decode the encrypted message. The Enigma machine worked by allowing the operator to type in a message, then scramble it by using three to five notched wheels/rotors, which displayed different letters of the alphabet (BBC). The reason why the Germans said it was unbreakable Enigma code because there were astronomical amount of permutations and combinations where the letters and numbers

In WWII, a German cipher telegraph was used to send messages to others with nearly no possibility to encrypt. This incredible machine was called Enigma. Enigma's settings made about 158 quintillion solutions. However, the Allies were able to crack its code. When Poland was taken over by the Germans, the Polish and some French ciphers told the UK everything that they knew to help the cryptanalysts at Bletchley. From their Enigma was further cracked.

The Enigma is a type of code that the Germans used to message each other without any interference from the Allies. It was created in 1923 by Arthur Scherbius, but was first used by the German military in 1928. It was thought to be an unbreakable code because there was trillions of countless possibilities within it.

Symmetric-key Algorithm works by taking the message and combining it with a shared key that inputs the algorithm then outputs a ciphered message.

Encryption is the process in Cryptography to secure data. It encodes the data or information using a key in which way only the person can decode it who has the decode key. It improves the security of data or messages or files by making it un-understandable by normal view, so that it can be understand by person only who have the right decryption key.

the upper and lower halves chich the numbers 0 to 9 were written, in decending

Over the years, cryptography has been used to protect secrets, in a military capacity to make sure that either hackers, enemies of the countries, do not intercept sensitive formation. Ciphers, and encryption blocks are becoming so hard to break even the best super computers cannot break the codes in a timely fashion. Encryption has been improved over the years, also has been around for thousands of years and this paper is intended to explain about different forms of cryptography that either has been used or is still in use to this day. This paper is about

Security and privacy are not new concepts. At 400 BC the Greeks used a transposition cipher. Individual letters were written on a long thin sheet of paper and then wrapped around a cylinder. The diameter of the cylinder was the key to find out the original letter. In this context, I find it necessary to give some definitions of related vocabulary in this field.

• Preimage resistance. Given the hash value V it should be computationally infeasible to find an input string M with h(M) = V .

Encryption is the most effective way to provide the data security. It is a process which converts original information into a difficult-to-interpret form. The original information is known as plain text and the converted information/message is commonly known as cipher text.

Cryptography is the science of writing in secret code and is an ancient art; the first documented use of cryptography in writing dates back to circa 1900 B.C. when an Egyptian scribe used non-standard hieroglyphs in an inscription. Some experts argue that cryptography appeared spontaneously sometime after writing was invented, with applications ranging from diplomatic missives to war-time battle plans. It is no surprise, then, that new forms of cryptography came soon after the widespread development of computer communications. In data and telecommunications, cryptography is necessary when communicating over any un-trusted medium, which includes just about any network, particularly the Internet.

Since the beginning of civilization, humans have needed a way to communicate in secret. Whether it be a letter to a lover or a set of orders for an army, it would be paramount for these messages to arrive unknown and untouched. However at some point, a person could easily apprehend the message; perhaps a spy or the letter bearer, nevertheless the chance of the message being compromised would be quite high. Thus one would have to change the message to appear as meaningless nonsense to those others than the intended recipient. This idea formed the basis of cryptography, the backbone of digital security.

Cryptography is the practice and study of techniques for secure communication in the presence of third parties. The art of protecting information by transforming it (encrypting it) into an unreadable format is called cipher text.

The first encryption method, called hashing, creates a unique, fixed-length signature for a message or data set. Hashes are created with an algorithm, or hash function, and people commonly use them to compare sets of data. Since a hash is unique to a specific message, even minor changes to that message result in a dramatically different hash, thereby alerting a user to potential tampering.