The Geological Formation Of Kangaroo Point Cliffs

Aboriginal Land Rights Aboriginal Australians have always had an eternal bond with the land. For the 50,000 years or more, they have occupied the continent; the land provided not only the basic needs, but also the spiritual beliefs. In the Dreaming, the forms of the land, mountains, rivers, landscapes and animals took shape and the spirit of ancestors resided in places that became sacred sites to the Aboriginal people. The land to these people were their most precious commodity. When white settlement began in Australia in 1788, the concept of terra nullius {the land belonging to no-one} was adopted by the British.

New South Wales West locates one of the greatest archaeological sites in Australia’s history, that is, Lake Mungo.

Aboriginal people, since British settlement, have faced great inequalities and much racial discrimination on their own soil. Aboriginal Australians through great struggle and conflict have made significant progress in the right to their own land. To better understand the position of the Aboriginal Australians, this essay will go into more depth about the rights that Aboriginal people had to their own land prior to federation. It will also include significant events and key people who activated the reshaping of land rights for Indigenous Australians and how that has affected the rights Aboriginal people now have in the 21st Century, in regards to their land.

Mesa Verde National Park on the Colorado Plateau contains many geological aspects of interest, including its sedimentary rock layers, its canyons, its alcoves utilized by ancient people and how these alcoves were formed. Mesa Verde National Park is located in the southwest corner of Colorado, close to the Four Corners area, on top of a high mesa overlooking the Mancos River (Harris et al. 2004). The park, covering 81 square miles, consists of several main sedimentary formations that are characteristic to the park (Encyclopedia Britannica 2015). Canyons are carved into the sedimentary rock, with the cave dwellings found high on their steep walls. These dwellings are an especially unique aspect to the Mesa Verde National Park, and are built out of large alcoves. The alcoves were produced by weathering and erosion of the sedimentary rock type. To better understand how these alcoves formed, we must understand the geology of Mesa Verde National Park and how it has developed over history.

On 26 October 2019 Uluru climbing will be prohibited. This significant decision shows respect to the Aboriginal culture that consider Uluru a sacred place. Banning the climb is necessary even if the number of visitors who decide to climb the rock is dropping considerably. In 1990, 74% of the tourists climbed Uluru, but now the new kinds of experience that involve people deeply in the indigenous culture have reduced this percentage. In 2015, only 16.2% visitors climbed to the top, and the others chosen to respect the indigenous tradition (Uluru climbs will be banned from October 2019 after unanimous board decision to ‘close the playground’, 2017). There are several reasons to respect Aboriginal people: the deeper respect that they have to the land, they are the most ancient culture survived until now, and the international visitors more and more prefer the genuine contact with an indigenous experience.

In this extract, Matthew Condon looked back on the ‘spatial’ history of the Brisbane’s famous rectagular granite obelisk. It sat on the exact location where explorer, John Oxley, set foot on the northern bank of the Brisbane river in 1824 where he proclaimed a settlement site. This obelisk marked the birthplace of Brisbane and had always stood in that site as a permanent structure.

“ Numbinbah Valley is a valley and suburb located in the Gold Coast Hinterland in South East Queensland, Australia”(City of Gold Coast, 2015) (see appendix 1 ). The Scenic Rim, which is a group of forested mountain ranges, covers 116 km of valley. Compared to other areas of the Gold Coast the Numbinbah Valley has remained largely undeveloped in recent decades containing a wide variety of freshwater organisms. The Valley is part of the upper catchment area of Nerang River, which flows into the Hinze Dam in the lowest elevated part of the Valley. Hastings Point is a town located in North Eastern New South Wales, Australia in the Tweed Shire (see appendix 2). Situated on the southern side of the entrance to Cudgera Creek it is in area that, like

This assignment will briefly study the theoretical dimensions of the tectonic by indicate the background and the process of development from not only Australia but also the overall world. And after that, the theoretical discourse will be discussed from the works of Donovan Hill and Glenn Murcutt as contributing to the continuance and development of tectonic tradition. During the whole essay, some of the interpretations by critics, writers and historians will be examined as well.

Researchers have discovered four extinct underwater volcanoes off the coast of Sydney, Australia. These volcanoes were discovered while Australia’s national science agency (CSIRO) was searching for larval lobster breeding grounds. It is believed that these volcanoes are around 50 million years old and many scientists believe that this discovery might hold clue to how Australia separated from Australia. Scientists also believe that this discover will help us better understand the Earth’s crust and the composition of the mantle layer. While these extinct volcanoes have little affect on us today, this discovery is still important because it could potentially help us understand why Australia separated from New Zealand and, in general, why the current

Brisbane Tuff is an ash-flow Tuff formed by a mud mixture of precipitated steam and volcanic ash, deposited during several short Triassic volcanic periods. After initial pyroclastic deposition, the ash-flow experienced deformation due to welding and compaction, and then cooled to form welded ‘ignimbrite’ Tuff. (Roach, 1996 – Sheridan & Wang 2005). The term ‘ash-flow’ is a lithologic term that refers to a rock consisting primarily of volcanic particles finer than 4mm diameter. (Sheridan & Wang 2005).

These beautiful cliffs were carved by the water over 300 million years ago. The water of the Atlantic created a multitude of gorgeous bands made up of Namurian sandstone, siltstone, and shale in this eight kilometer stretch of land that raises up to 700 feet at its highest point. This area has become a very popular tourist area attracting fisherman and surfers alike. For surfing this is a prime area because the waves can reach anywhere

The Glass House Mountains were formed from the Australian Plate which moved over a hotspot which, overtime upwelled creating an overflow of magma, and as it cooled volcanoes were formed. This is partially due to the convection currents in the mantle and plate tectonics. Also included in this scientific report is: How the all Mountains and Volcanoes are formed, more specifically the Glass House Mountains, How the theory of Continental Drift (Alfred Wegener’s Theory which was formulated in 1912) compares to Plate Tectonics (A Theory set forth in 1960s), How to locate any hotspot and in this Report it will detail where one of Australia’s hotspot is currently and where it once was, and if Australia is in any danger of volcanic eruptions.

Evidence of this can be seen on the cliffs where streaky, flattened sections of pumice and ignimbrite have become rounded and angular, where the cliffs mainly consist of these two materials. The combination of these two types of rock and ash flows formed what is currently known as the Brisbane Tuff (Warwick Willmott, 1992).

Exposures that reveal the complete subduction complex rocks can be seen in the Wandilla and Shoalwater formation of the Gladstone-Yeppoon area of central Queensland.

PCBs were identified in all reef surface sediment samples, reflecting worldwide pollution by these compositions in the coral reef sediments of the fragile ecosystem at Kharg and Lark coral reefs, the Persian Gulf. Hereupon, the total concentrations of these detected 20 PCB congeners in the Kharg and Lark coral reefs were also selected to exhibit the PCB contamination grades along with ecological risks in this environment. The mean concentration of the total PCBs (∑20¬PCBs) in the reef surface sediments of the 16 sampling sites on the Kharg Island ranged from 0.25 to 7.45¬ng.g-1 dw, with an overall mean value of 3.12 ng.¬g-1dw,whilst ∑20¬PCBs varied from 0.04 to 2.83 with a total average of 1.04 ng.¬g-1dw at Lark Island on July 2014(Table).in January 2015, ∑20¬PCBs oscillated 0.50 to 9.12(overall average:4.45) and 0.07 to 5.62 at Kharg and Lark coral reefs ,respectively(Table).Significant spatial