Kashmir Conflict Between Pakistan and India

Disputes over land seem to be a catalyst for almost every hostility and war since the dawn of time. The addition of politics and religion into the matter only serves to aggravate an already tense situation. Kashmir knows this all too well. The conflict between Hindus and Muslims seems to be an ever reoccurring battle. This is also evidenced in population battles. Hindus make up the social majority of the population of India by almost eighty percent. Feelings of tension and uneasiness are a natural reaction to being dominated by a majority and are a problem unto itself.

In 1939 World War II broke out in Europe. Britain proclaimed India’s involvement in the war without consulting the Indian people. This led to increased protest and volatility. In 1942 India established a national army and proposed the Quit India Movement. This movement promised to lend Indian military support to Britain in return for complete independence. If they refused this treaty the Indian people promised civil disobedience. In 1947 India was granted its independence and became self governing (Luscombe, 2012). On January 26, 1950 the Republic of India was proclaimed and it drafted a constitution. The first democratic elections were held in 1952. However the Hindus and Muslims were not united and colonial India was divided into Muslim Pakistan and Hindu India (History, 2010).

The ongoing conflict between India and Pakistan has been the subject of speculation and study by political scientists and historians for a number of years. The ethnic conflict seems to have been sparked at the very beginning in 1947, when the British used Muslim and Hindu mercenaries against each other before the area finally split into today’s countries of India and Pakistan (Spiegel et al. 2015, 185). The timeline since then has been full of conflicts, both major and minor. Brutal tactics used by security forces and a high rate of unemployment have added to the issue (BBC News 2016).

Many of these conflicts, and one that has been resolved recently, have involved the country of Pakistan over a northern Indian territory in the name of Kashmir. India turned into an atomic state in 1998 by effectively leading underground atomic tests. This was trailed by worldwide military endorses that were step by step pulled back after September 2001. As of late, India finished up an atomic manage United States that would enable the United States to supply regular citizen atomic innovation to India and atomic fuel to Indian reactors. India has received a no-first-utilize atomic strategy (New World Encyclopedia,

In this paper, I have tried to figure out the short historical background of Kashmir vally, why Kashmir is important for both India and pakistan?, what are the Kashmiris’ demands, what is the indian argument, what are the Pakistanis agendas , how to apply structural theory to reorganize kashmir, what is the outline for coexistence, recommendation for the further solution and finally there is a short conclusion part.

In 1947, the united nation intervenes by giving 56 percent of the territory of Palestinian to the Jews even though they made up two-thirds of the population. Arabs rejected the UN plan for Palestinian because the

Admiral Nimitz was scheduled to remain in New York until the paperwork for the plebiscite by the UN could be finalized, but the UN had encountered reoccurring problems with the Indian government. Nehru’s administration would not allow the plebiscite to be administered until all Pakistani military forces left their territory in Kashmir, and the protection of Kashmir’s people was guaranteed. Addressing the Indian Congress, Nehru said, “So long as the raiders, who have driven out Kashmiris from their homes, remain in parts of Kashmir, the return of the refugees to those areas cannot be expected. Till they return and settle down in their homes, how can you expect them to express their free will?” Nehru’s argument was convincing to the leading

Gandhi led the independence movement in India. “Educated in Great Britain, this astute middle-class Hindu used passive resistance and civil disobedience rather than direct violence to pressure British officials to grant Indian independence” (753). British finally gave India their independence in 1947 along with other neighboring countries. British also had power in some of the countries in Middle East. Because of a dispute of Jews trying to claim Palestine as their homeland, British ended up handing the country over to the United Nations. This created issues between the Arabs and Jews. “Conflicts stemming from the birth of the Israeli state would drag on for decades”

Many innocent people are being killed everyday due to the conflict between Palestine and Israel. The creation of the State of Israel has caused the conflict between Israel and Palestine. Israel was created after World War 1 by the League of Nations, for Jewish people. Palestinians who previously lived on the land felt a threat to their homeland and resorted to violence. The United Nations tried to divide the territory into two states to resolve the conflict. Palestine declined and the Arab countries declared war on Israel. The war ended in 1949 by the Armistice Agreement. The Agreement recognized international borders between Israel and its neighboring countries (Arab Israeli Conflict 4).Palestine was left with the West Bank and Gaza. However, Israel recently started to occupy the West Bank and Gaza. Israel now controls the borders of Israel and Palestine. The disdain between Palestine and Israel is a problem, and peace must be made between the two sides.

Second, they seek to control over a specific territory to operate an autonomous state, where ethno-nationalist pursue the goal of state based on ethnicity, and culture. Third, non-Islamic ethno-nationalist terrorists have less or no connection with international terrorism, and terrorist organizations. states that, "Non-Islamist terrorist groups in Asia and Africa include their local nature, their relative lack of connection to or support from international radical groups, and their persistent failure (Rubin, B., & Rubin, J.,2008)." For example, the Kashmir conflict is a conflict between India and Pakistan, which is related to land, territory and ethnicity. However, it brought ethno-nationalist terrorist activities on both sides beginning in the

Kashmir is conflict territory after the partition of India and Pakistan. Conflict is not only between India and Pakistan but also India and the religious militants. Religious Militants are conducting a jihad to govern by the religious law. Historically, Kashmir included Sufis Muslim not orthodox Muslim. Numerous international events had influenced in the growth of Islamic fundamentalism in Kashmir. Jihad is not originally from Kashmir but they are foreign militancy bought during the end of the Soviet –Afghanistan War. Additionally, they are trained in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Pakistan Inter service Intelligence helped them to incorporate into organized militant groups. Pakistan helped Jihad group with full moral,

India is home to one of the world's oldest civilizations. With that, it came with a rich history and complex cultures in science, religions, art, and food dating back to at least 5000 years to the birth of Indus valley, an ancient civilization that flourished around 1500 B.C. that consisted of two large cities and more than 100 towns and villages. After the fall of the Indus Valley civilization due to infiltration from Aryan tribes, Hinduism became the dominant religion of the subcontinent. From c. 268 to 232 BCE, almost all of the country was ruled by emperor Ashoka during the Maurya Dynasty, who converted the country to Buddhism. It wasn’t until the eighth century when Islam was introduced to India by Arab traders and established itself as a political force. After years of nonviolent resistance of the two religions and British rule, the independence of India and Pakistan was granted in 1947. Though, the terms “India” and “Pakistan” as we know it today were not called that before the partition of the two countries, it was merely a subcontinent ruled by different emperors. As of today, the two countries has a population of 1.3 billion people, over four times that of the United States, making it the seventh largest country in the world. (Add similarities and differences)

In this case study, history serves as the “architect of the present.” (Dutta) In 1947, the Indian subcontinent had gained independence from Great Britain and parted into Hindu-dominant India and Muslim-controlled Pakistan. However, tension was created between countries due to the disputed territories of Jammu and Kashmir. The chairman of the boundary commission, Cyril Radcliffe, “had never been to India, had no connections with India or its politics, and, ironically, had absolutely no knowledge of the territories he was about to divide.” (Dutta, page 57) In addition to being uneducated, Radcliffe was also inexperienced in diving territories. This led to the mass dissatisfaction in India and Pakistan, as well as Jammu and Kashmir, who were torn on which countries to belong to. In October of 1947, Pakistan and India went to their first war. India had discovered an insurgency from Pakistan 's north-west frontier province had invaded Kashmir. (India-Pakistan: Troubled Relations) The war

India thinks that Kashmir is not the issue for an international concern and India does not consider UN’s take on any political action over Kashmir. India’s apprehension of Kashmir is reasonable somehow because India has fought three times with Pakistan regarding Kashmir’s issue. On the contrary, resolution does not come through military action. According to India, if India is ready to establish Kashmir as a democratic province with all the privileges of an autonomous, there is no guarantee to Kashmir will be under the Indian union. Because there are lots of terrorist groups are fighting against India. Pakistan is supporting them by providing materials as well as financial backing (Schofield, V. 2000).

Thе Jammu and Kashmir disputе bеtwееn India, Kashmir sеparatists, Pakistan, and forеign fightеrs rеprеsеnts a war of insurgеncy that is bеing fought for many rеasons. It is tracеd to thе partition of India and Pakistan in 1948 by thе British. Thе controvеrsy arosе whеn both India and Pakistan claimеd Jammu and Kashmir as part of thеir nеw countriеs. India laid claim bеcausе Kashmir’s rulеr dеcidеd to join India aftеr coming undеr attack from Pakistan