Kashmir : India And Pakistan Essay

Disputes over land seem to be a catalyst for almost every hostility and war since the dawn of time. The addition of politics and religion into the matter only serves to aggravate an already tense situation. Kashmir knows this all too well. The conflict between Hindus and Muslims seems to be an ever reoccurring battle. This is also evidenced in population battles. Hindus make up the social majority of the population of India by almost eighty percent. Feelings of tension and uneasiness are a natural reaction to being dominated by a majority and are a problem unto itself.

The ongoing conflict between India and Pakistan has been the subject of speculation and study by political scientists and historians for a number of years. The ethnic conflict seems to have been sparked at the very beginning in 1947, when the British used Muslim and Hindu mercenaries against each other before the area finally split into today’s countries of India and Pakistan (Spiegel et al. 2015, 185). The timeline since then has been full of conflicts, both major and minor. Brutal tactics used by security forces and a high rate of unemployment have added to the issue (BBC News 2016).

One thing that the world does not always acknowledge, is that many countries have actually been demanding for independence ever since the 1800’s. The partition that created Pakistan was a long and tedious process before it got approved. Before World War II, Great Britain had full control over the country of India and its resources, even though the people were demanding for self-rule for several years. At the time, India consisted of both Muslim and Hindu cultures, and the tensions between the two

Kashmir is conflict territory after the partition of India and Pakistan. Conflict is not only between India and Pakistan but also India and the religious militants. Religious Militants are conducting a jihad to govern by the religious law. Historically, Kashmir included Sufis Muslim not orthodox Muslim. Numerous international events had influenced in the growth of Islamic fundamentalism in Kashmir. Jihad is not originally from Kashmir but they are foreign militancy bought during the end of the Soviet –Afghanistan War. Additionally, they are trained in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Pakistan Inter service Intelligence helped them to incorporate into organized militant groups. Pakistan helped Jihad group with full moral,

“Prior to the 1979 Soviet invasion, the government and people of Afghanistan historically had warm relations with India. Following India’s Independence from Great Britain and Partition, Afghanistan saw India as an ally in its increasingly bitter and occasionally militarized dispute with Pakistan over the inclusion of ethnic Pashtuns in the new state of Pakistan. India, like the Soviet Union, extended diplomatic and moral support to Afghanistan in its irredentist quarrel with Pakistan.38 A natural convergence of interests was inevitable between India and Afghanistan as both states realized that they had a common problem in border relations with Pakistan: Afghanistan over Pashtunistan and India over Kashmir (Yadav, 2011).”

Jammu and Kashmir is being contested by India and Pakistan as their integral part since 1947. The conflict of Kashmir started at the time of the partition of the subcontinent into two countries, India and Pakistan in 1947. It was decided that the Muslim majority states will accede to Pakistan and the Hindu majority states will go to India. Jammu and Kashmir despite being a Muslim majority state had to accede to India by the virtue of instrument of accession signed between the Maharaja and Lord Mount Batten, the then Governor General of India (Schofield, 2010).The problem of Jammu and Kashmir could have only been solved through a plebiscite which the then Prime minister of India promised to the people of Kashmir and was also upheld

A lot of people are calling off for the division on ethnic and linguistic basis. Most analysts and even patriots are against it simple because there are numerous languages existing and making a province based on language as a difference diminishes the unanimity of nation. It creates that disparity gap that is difficult to fulfill. If Pushto for example, taken as a basis, creates a state then people speaking Chitrali and Hindko would demand the same despite the fact the number of speaking it is very less. Such division is nothing more than raging anger and a sense of discrimination in a nation which is united ignoring the differences and coming to the common grounds. Since the inception of Pakistan we have not come

Kashmir is considered one of the most beautiful countries in South Asia, mainly because of the majesty of the Himalayan Mountains. Its is located at a between four different countries, serves as a divider between Afghanistan and China; however, Kashmir is also highly disputed between the Pakistan and India. Recently, Religion and Ethics Newsweekly has called Kashmir “one of the world’s most militarized places” (Lazaro 2012). This decades old conflict runs much deeper than a land dispute between two countries. In recent time, it has become a struggle over resources and in the middle of this conflict are the people who call this region home. Many wars have been fought over resources; however, those who fight are in many cases doing so because

India and Pakistan are built from the same foundational nation of India before Partition; thus, their histories are irrevocably bound together despite their contemporary violence and distrust towards each other. India was once colonized by the British for three centuries, known as the “jewel in the British crown” for its wealth in resources and spices. Regarding India’s independence from the British Empire in 1947, a bitter victory emerged as the Partition of India

Since the mid 20th century an unlikely formidable alliance had slowly began to flourish in South Asia. China and Pakistan’s alliance began in the early 1960’s through the early 1970’s when conflicts between India vs. China and Pakistan had intensified. The Sino-Indian war that took place in 1962 ended as fast as it began. Along with the war that had taken place between India and Pakistan in 1965 and in 1971 when another indo-Pakistani war erupted and East Pakistan claimed independence and is known today as Bangladesh (Hagerty, 2002). In this comparison China and Pakistan had identified their similar interests with their historical and geographical concerns in maintaining “India’s power and influence” within Southeast Asia (Federal China Security Affairs Group [FCSAG], 2010). These are known as Geo-Political interests. There are many definitions of geopolitics but this one more specifically entails “the competition over the control of territory and extraction of resources” (Jonatan, 2012) China and Pakistan have built a friendship that is, “higher than mountains, deeper than oceans, sweeter than honey, and stronger than steel” (Tharoor, 2015), they are collaborating on military technologies and supporting one another’s economic interests. Although the contrasts of these two countries greatly outweigh this entente, with concerns over insurgencies in Pakistan such as it being a safe haven for the Afghani Taliban, said United States President Barack Obama in

Pakistan matters because this country is the corridor between the Eastern Asia and the Middle East. It is one of the six declared nuclear weapon states with one of the largest armies in the world. Pakistan is important because it has been part of five declared wars in the past sixty years with its neighboring country, India. The country is also at war with few of the most dangerous terrorist groups in the world like Al-Qaeda, Taliban, etc. It is one of the main allies of the United States and United Kingdom of Asia. Pakistan is one of the most complex democracies of the world. It’s different ethnicities, languages and regions make it one of the most diverse nations in the world. The country was founded on the Westminster model, but the government has been overthrown by military leaders three times since Pakistan’s creation. That makes it function differently from Britain. Many dismissed the Pakistani economy for years because of its poor frugality and government functionality. It has constantly faced a rapid economic fall in the past few years, forcing the world to pay attention.

In 1947, India and Pakistan became newly independent states, leaving behind British colonial rule. Due to the shared geographical location, background and culture between these nations, these two countries have often been compared against each other. However, since earning independence, India and Pakistan have undergone significantly different political trajectories. This paper will explore various factors that have impacted the nation-building of these countries and understand why India has been successful in practicing democracy, while Pakistan has been afflicted with military and autocratic governments. India and Pakistan share cultures and histories yet have stark differences in political regime type, making an ideal comparative pair for inquiry.

India’s stance on this conflict is give a portion of Kashmir to Pakistan, establishing a line of control. Emigrating the Muslim population that wants to leave Indian governance for Pakistani governance. India wants Jammu and the majority of Kashmir, giving but a portion to Pakistan. Both countries prefer wealth over peace. Kashmir’s biggest imports are cloth, grain, salt and sugar. Which provide helpful to fuel the economy especially for the middle class that constitutes majority of the population of either country. India’s plan is to implement this concept and gain control of the majority of Jammu and Kashmir. If Pakistan were to comply with this plan, their objections

India thinks that Kashmir is not the issue for an international concern and India does not consider UN’s take on any political action over Kashmir. India’s apprehension of Kashmir is reasonable somehow because India has fought three times with Pakistan regarding Kashmir’s issue. On the contrary, resolution does not come through military action. According to India, if India is ready to establish Kashmir as a democratic province with all the privileges of an autonomous, there is no guarantee to Kashmir will be under the Indian union. Because there are lots of terrorist groups are fighting against India. Pakistan is supporting them by providing materials as well as financial backing (Schofield, V. 2000).

Pakistan says that Kashmir is a disputed territory whose final status must be determined by the people of Kashmir. Pakistan always keep same just Jammu and Kashmir is occupied territory exception of India. Pakistan seas fire signed under the coercive pressure. And is here no legal and moral justification. And because the UN security council also accept the self deternation of the Kashmiri people and that’s way UN resolution still alive and effective.