Kidney Disease : Liver Disease

As the Directors at Sharp Reese Medical Facility it is important to raise awareness about the importance of the liver to the human body and the many important functions that it performs for the body such as digestion and the filtration of toxins and drugs from

Chronic Renal Disease impacts many Americans life in the United States. “We estimate that more than 20 million people may have CKD, of varying levels of seriousness” (CDC, 2014). The chances of having Kidney Disease increase with age and is common in adults over age 70 because the kidney functions decrease. Kidney Disease affects the body ion so many different ways it can cause bone breakage; fluid overload causes pulmonary edema, congestive heart failure, anemia, and decrease in quality of life.

Your kidneys are two bean-shaped organs, each about the size of your fist. They're located behind your abdominal organs, one on each side of your spine. Like other major organs in the body, the kidneys can sometimes develop cancer. Your kidneys are part of the urinary system, which removes waste and excess fluid and electrolytes from your blood, controls the production of red blood cells, and regulates your blood pressure. Inside each kidney are more than a million small filtering units called nephrons. As blood circulates through your kidneys, the nephrons filter out waste products as well as unneeded minerals and water. This liquid waste — urine — flows through two narrow tubes (ureters) into your bladder, where it's

Injury to the glomerulus and the tubules presents the onset of Intra-renal failure (Matzke, 2011). Some of the frequent causes for Intra-renal failure are glomerulonephritis; pyelonephritis; and tubular injury. Post-renal failure develops from things like ureteroliths, tumors, or anatomic impediments. Opposite of the acute form, the chronic form has a slow onset that has no early stage symptoms. It is important to know that following an acute episode a chronic renal episode often follows, and at this juncture the damage is irreversible. Glomerulonephritis and pyelonephritis combined, has been reported to be the forerunner in as much as half the cases from acute to chronic renal failure. Diabetes mellitus, renal vascular disease, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, polycystic kidney disease, drug damage, and nephrolith are all examples of other causes of CKD (Pradeep, 2014). Biopsies of kidneys that suffered with CKD reveal smaller kidneys with scarring on the tubules.

According to Patton and Thibodeau (2012), the kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs found along the posterior muscular wall of the abdominal cavity. The convex side of each kidney is located laterally and the concave side medial. The renal hilum on the concave side is the point where the renal artery enters, the vein and ureter leave the kidney. Deep to the perirenal fat, the kidney is surrounded by fibrous connective tissue called the renal capsule. Deep to the renal capsule is the renal cortex, which surrounds the renal medulla with their apexes facing inward toward the centre of the kidney. Nephrons, the basic structural and functional unit that filters blood to produce urine, are located within the cortex and medulla. The minor calyces that collects urine are connected to the papilla of each pyramid, and merge to form major calyces, which further merge into the renal pelvis. Urine drains into the ureter at the renal hilum where renal pelvis exits the kidney (Brenner, 2007).

The MD Anderson Liver Tumor biospecimen resource has been invaluable for a large number of studies or clinical development. The sixth and subsequent editions of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging of hepatocellular cancer, which was developed by an international consortium led by Jean-Nicolas Vauthey, MD, Professor of Surgery at MD Anderson and co-leader on project 2 of the SPORE, was based upon pathologic review of resected specimens in the Liver Tumor Bank (Vauthey JN J Clin Oncol 2002 20:1527-36). In addition, investigators at MD Anderson examined tissues in the Liver Tumor Bank to elucidate the prognostic significance of the ribonucleoprotein Human Antigen R (HuR) showing that patients with high HuR tumor expression had

Cirrhosis is the 11th leading cause of death by disease in the United States. Almost one half of these are alcohol related. About 25,000 people die from cirrhosis each year.

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a disease that is described as a loss of kidney function gradually over time. As kidney function decreases, the waste collection in the body’s blood becomes high and makes the individual feel sick. This disease can lead to other complications in the body such as anemia, poor nutritional health, high blood pressure, and nerve damage. These complications will begin to progress and show as CKD progresses to advanced stages. Early detection of this disease is essential when it comes to treatment. If CKD is diagnosed early enough the disease progression can be slowed down and managed. This disease will eventually lead to failure of the kidneys

Overnutrition, specifically excessive consumption of fructose, is fundamental to NAFLD development10. Fructose metabolism, unlike glucose, occurs nearly exclusively in the liver and is preferentially selected for lipogenesis. The triglyceride production and storage that results from fructose ingestion is highly associated with central obesity, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance11. This relevant finding is especially important to clinicians, as this modifiable risk factor may be easily addressed.

In New York City the Willowbrook State School (1947-1987) was supported for mentally disabled children by the state. The school had too many children with 2,000 or more students more than the school was even suppose to have. Families would give up the children to this lifestyle of poor and unsanitary conditions. Hepatitis A specifically and other hepatitis diseases were very common within this inhumane school. This disease inside the institution of disabled kids brought up outrageous amounts of controversy because of experiments on the children to try and diagnose their infection. Children with parents consent were the only allowed to be inside the specific study. Although many parents would giver the permission for the kids to be infected with the disease just so that they could be enlisted in the institution that didn’t need any

Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a severe form of hereditary disease which results from a monogenic disorder. The disease causes enlargement alongside with functional impairment. It results in clusters of cysts mainly within the kidneys. Cysts are noncancerous round sacs consisting of water like fluid which vary in size depending on its accumulating growth (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014). This cystic disease consists of two forms, an autosomal dominant PKD (ADPKD) and an autosomal recessive PKD (ARPKD). The purpose of this research paper is to increase chances of healthy babies born to couples whom both transmit a mutation of PKHD1 gene, wanting to have a child unaffected with autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD). A recessive mutation/disease is when the gene is inherited from both parents. This disease is of major interest due to the amount of individuals affected widely. Over 12.5 million individuals have PKD, with approximately 30% of affected children dying within their first year of life; making it a major source of morbidity and mortality concern (Miyazaki et al., 2015). ADPKD makes up to 96-98% of all cases, and ARPKD up to 2-5%. Although ADPKD is more harmful, the main focal point of this research paper is on autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD). Due to the abnormalities in the biliary plates it leads to congenital hepatic fibrosis in infants. Congenital hepatic fibrosis is the disease of the liver which is usually present from birth.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an irreversible condition that progresses causing kidney dysfunction and then to kidney failure. It is classified by a GFR of <60mL/min for longer than 3 months. There are five stages of CKD: Stage 1 has kidney damage but has a GFR ≥ 90. Stage 2 has mild damage and a GFR of 60-89. Stage 3 has moderate damage and a GFR of 30-59. Stage 4 has severe damage and a GFR of 15-29. Stage 5 is also known as end stage renal disease (ESRD), this is kidney failure with a GFR of ≤ 15 and theses patients are typically on dialysis or in need of an immediate transplant. The leading cause of CKD is diabetes. Hypertension is also a major cause. Since most DM patients have HTN,

There is a pair of kidneys in the human body. They are situated towards the back of the body under the ribs, just at the level of the waist where one on either side of the body. Each kidney is composed of about one million units which are called nephrons and each nephron consists of two parts: a filter which is called the glomerulus and a tubule leading out from the nephron (Cameron 1999). According to Marshall and Bangert (2008) the kidneys have three major functions. Firstly, the kidneys are excretion of waste from plasma in the blood. The second function is that, they maintain of extracellular fluid volume and composition. Lastly, the kidneys have a role in hormone synthesis.

The kidney is lined with millions of glomeruli which have projections called podocytes, which increase the kidneys surface area, and thus increase the absorption of nutrients from the blood. In a normal functioning kidney, filtration as a result is highly effective in removing macromolecules such as proteins. However the streptococcal bacterium causes the glomeruli to become inflamed, thereby inhibiting its ability to filter nutrients. Blood enters the kidney through the afferent artirol, which in a normal functioning kidney, has a smaller surface area comparatively to the efferent artirol; this increases the pressure of the blood, hence creating a pumping mechanism, through which substances move to the bowman capsule. However, when inflamed, the glomeruli expand, resulting in a decrease in pressurization causing blood to filter inefficiently. Resulting in substances such as blood and protein to enter the urine, as the glomeruli cannot filter large macromolecules such as proteins, resulting in hematuria and proteinuria.

Kidney failure is a public health problem, which has dramatic effects on patients' health. In some