Kidney Failure

If you are taking medicine that suppresses the immune system or prevents the body from rejecting a transplanted organ, the dosage of the medicine may be adjusted or lowered.

Immunosuppressants are a class of drugs that suppress, or reduce, the strength of the body’s immune system. Some of these drugs are used to make the body less likely to reject a transplanted organ. Other immunosuppressant drugs are often used to treat autoimmune disorders. With an autoimmune disease, the immune system attacks the body’s own tissue. Because immunosuppressant drugs weaken the immune system, they weaken this reaction. It helps reduce the impact on the body. Almost everyone who receives an organ transplant must take immunosuppressant drugs. This is because your immune system sees a transplanted organ as a threat. As a result your immune system attacks the organ as it would attack anything else. This can cause severe damage and lead to needing the organ removed. The drugs allow the transplanted organ to remain healthy and free from major damage. If you’re an organ recipient, even the slightest change from the medication regimen can trigger an organ rejection. All immunosuppressant drugs carry the serious risk of infection. It also means that any infections get will be harder to treat. (Immunosuppressant drugs,

The kidneys is the fundamental organ that is largely responsible for maintaining homeostasis by controlling blood pressure, regulating electrolytes pH balance, manufacturing hormones, formation of processing waste to the urine and eliminating any toxic minerals, excess salts, or protein waste. With that said, without adequate blood perfusing through the kidney, it can cause obstructions in the urinary flow that will damage the kidney tissue. A disorder that may occur suddenly is known as, acute renal failure, in which the causes are divided into three categories: prerenal, intrarenal, and postrenal.

The most common cause of kidney failure in the United State is Diabetes. According to “the U.S. renal data system the top five causes of renal failure are diabetes, hypertension, glomerulonephritis, cystic diseases and Urologic diseases”. Unfortunately, people can have renal disease for a long period of time before detecting or notice any symptom leading to a potentially life treating. Kidneys are equipped with millions of nephrons that continually filtering out and removes waste products such as urea and extra fluid (electrolytes) of the blood and discharge as urine through the urethra. If nephrons are damaged it cannot regenerate, resulting functional failure of the renal, leading to accumulation of waste products in the body, causing serious number of complications such as Rhabdomyolysis and Somatalgia. Not only that, but uremic poisoning.

In Kidney failure cases urea, creatine, uric acids and electrolytes move from the blood to the dialysate with the net effect of lowering their concentration in the blood. RBC s WBC s and plasma proteins are too large to diffuse through the pores of the membrane. Hemodialysis patient are exposed to 120 to 130 L of water during each dialysis treatment. Small molecular weight substances can pass from the dialysate in to patient’s blood. So the purity of water used for dialysis is monitored and controlled.

Every year more and more patients are diagnosed with renal failure. In hemodialysis the amount of dialysis each patient receives is less, compared to at home dialysis and nocturnal dialysis treatments. Kidneys are important organs for survival. Humans cannot filter harmful wastes, fluids, salts, potassium, and phosphorus without kidneys. When diagnosed with renal failure a patient relies on a dialysis machine to adequately remove the harmful wastes from their blood. One of the main ongoing battles between dialysis patients and their providers is adequate fluid control. There are recommendations set out for patients to follow but with weather getting hotter each year, patients are finding it harder to abide by the rules due to excess

Chronic kidney disease is categorized into five stages, the fifth stage, end stage renal disease in which the kidneys are minimally able to function on their own and eventually stop functioning altogether. Patients are given two care options both include a combination of medication and dietary treatments. Dialysis is a treatment that filters the toxins from the body in place of the kidneys and conservative care management focuses on treating symptoms and achieving optimal quality of life until the disease runs its course. The focus of this paper is on the elderly population and their decision between two courses of treatment, mainly, the way dialysis can cause a decline in nutritional status and in turn lessen quality of life for these patients

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an irreversible condition that progresses causing kidney dysfunction and then to kidney failure. It is classified by a GFR of <60mL/min for longer than 3 months. There are five stages of CKD: Stage 1 has kidney damage but has a GFR ≥ 90. Stage 2 has mild damage and a GFR of 60-89. Stage 3 has moderate damage and a GFR of 30-59. Stage 4 has severe damage and a GFR of 15-29. Stage 5 is also known as end stage renal disease (ESRD), this is kidney failure with a GFR of ≤ 15 and theses patients are typically on dialysis or in need of an immediate transplant. The leading cause of CKD is diabetes. Hypertension is also a major cause. Since most DM patients have HTN,

The biology of a human body consists of multiple systems which function continuously since birth until death, and these sophisticated functions are those which kept a single human being to continue living. The examples of the systems are the excretory system, the endocrine system, and the cardiovascular system. To carry out the complex process of life, some organs have multiple functions in different, interrelated systems, and an example of these multifunctional organs is the kidney. The kidney is an appendage of the human body that works on many vital functions including the excretory system, the endocrine system, and control of body electrolyte and fluid equilibrium. When something wrong happens to the kidney, the impact will be big and the disease will be very complex due to its building structure. In this study, the discussion of the disease is facilitated by dividing them into those that affect its four parts; namely glomeruli, tubules, interstitium and blood vessels. Irrespective of whatever the causes that might take place, chronic kidney disease, more commonly abbreviated as CKD, ultimately cause damage on all four components of the kidney. This leads to the final result of end-stage renal failure (ESRF) (1).

The process of peritoneal dialysis by definition is: a cleansing fluid (dialysate) is circulated through a tube (catheter) inside part of your abdominal cavity (peritoneal cavity) (Mayo, 2016). The major complication of PD is peritonitis. The main cause of peritonitis is contamination at the connection site. To prevent this from happening, we must use sterile technique. Peritoneal dialysis is used for patients who are susceptible to fluid and cardiovascular disease. A patient with peritonitis may have cloudy dialysate outflow (the earliest sign), fever, abdominal tenderness, general malaise, nausea and vomiting (Mayo, 2016). The complications of PD also include pain, infections, poor dialysate flow, protein loss, hyperglycemia, respiratory

Once the kidneys fail, there are three options for treatment recognized by NIH's National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. One of these options is Hemodialysis which “cleans

Dialysis is a procedure that replaces some of the work healthy kidneys do. It is done when you lose about 85–90% of your kidney function. It may also be done earlier if your symptoms may be improved by dialysis. During dialysis, wastes, salt, and extra water are removed from the blood, and the levels of certain chemicals in the blood (such as potassium) are maintained. Dialysis is done in sessions. Dialysis sessions are continued until the kidneys get better. If the kidneys cannot get better, such as in end-stage kidney disease, dialysis is continued for life or until you receive a new kidney (kidney transplant). There are two types of dialysis: hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.

Liver or kidney failure, liver cancer or neurological crises commonly bring about deaths by the age of 10 in the absence of treatment. Fortunately, with prompt diagnosis combinded with nitisinone treatment and diet management, outlook is positive with a 90% and higher survival rate. On receival of treatment, affected children are able to grow to their normal size and have better liver and kidney functions. A more normal bone structure is also

Peritoneal dialysis

Hemodialysis (HD) is one of several renal replacement therapies used for the treatment of end stage kidney disease (ESKD) and kidney failure. Dialysis removes excess fluids and waste products and restores chemical and electrolyte balance. HD involves passing the patient’s blood through an artificial semipermeable membrane to perform the filtering and excretion functions of the kidney. One important step before starting regular hemodialysis sessions is preparing the vascular access; ideally, a vascular access should be placed weeks or months before you start dialysis. The