Kidney Injury And Hormonal Failure

Kidneys are complex organs that are very important when it comes to the many functions to help maintain the health of the body. This includes the maturation of the red blood cells, regulation of blood pressure as well as secretion of hormones. The Secondary functions of the filtration effect the controlling of the acid base balance in the body, and maintaining bone health (livingstrong.com).

Intrarenal failure, sometimes called intristic failure, is different than pre-renal or post- renal in the sense that intrarenal is an actual damage to the nephrons, kidney tissue necrosis or renal injury due to nephrotoxic medications like (aminoglycosides, NSAIDS, chemotherapy medications like methotrexate, some metals like mercury, lithium, drug abuse such as, heroin, cocaine, and also the use of radiological contrast agents). Intrarenal failure can be irreversible but it can take several months of treatment.

Although the function of the urinary system is used to filter and eliminate waste from the body, it also contributes with maintenance of homeostasis of water and blood pressure, regulates electrolytes, pH balance, and activates vitamin D. The urinary system consists of 2 kidneys which extract wastes from the blood, balance body fluid, and converts it into urine. It also includes 2 ureters which conduct urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder via peristalsis, a urinary bladder which serves as a reservoir for urine and finally a urethra which conducts urine from the bladder to the outside of the body for elimination. The ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra together form the urinary tract, which acts as a plumbing system to drain urine from the kidneys, store it, and then release it during urination (Taylor, 1999).

The mainstream availability and introduction of renal replacement therapies such as dialysis has reduced the number of terminal renal failure fatalities, cardiovascular disease no being the leading cause of death among ADPKD progression.

Prerenal failure is one of the most developed causes of kidney failure in patients who are hospitalized. Most conditions, such as burns, long-term vomiting, bleeding, dehydration results in a decrease amount of blood flow to the kidney. Due to blockage or tightening of blood vessel carrying blood to the glomerular filtration rate, this may complicate fluid and electrolytes and result in excess fluid volume. According to Best Practice & Research (2007), “it may lead to ischemic tubular necrosis when the reduction in blood flow is sufficient to result in the death of tubular cells.” However, without sufficient fixation to prerenal failure, it may result in the next stage of intrarenal acute kidney failure.

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) refers to the rapid decline of renal filtration and urine production. There are several causes for AKI but the damage is often due to an injury which causes functional and/or structural deviations in the kidney. This can lead to many different complications such an increased risk of chronic kidney disease, or it can effect other organ systems. Additionally, AKI can also potentially lead to death.

4. The kidneys filter the blood to remove wastes, like excess water, and produce urine. The ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra together form the urinary tract, which drain urine from the kidneys. They also store the urine then release it during urination. The kidneys filter metabolic wastes, excess ions, and chemicals from the blood to form urine.

The kidneys are the major organs of the body, if the kidneys fail to function, these other excretory organs cannot adequately compensate. The kidneys perform the following functions: Regulation of red blood cell synthesis. The kidneys release hormone erythropoietin, which regulates the synthesis of red blood cells in bone marrow, production of red blood cells.

The urinary system is made up of six organs: the two kidneys, two ureters, the urinary bladder, and the urethra. Each plays a role in excreting toxins out the body through urination. The urinary system excretes a board variety of metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs, hormones, salts, hydrogen ions, and water out of the body. In the urinary system the main focus are the kidneys. Although their primary role is excretion, they play more roles than commonly recognized. The kidneys

The pathophysiology of pre-renal acute renal failure is due to impaired renal blood flow and is the most common cause of acute renal failure. Moreover, the GFR decreases due to lowered filtration pressure. As a result of the poor perfusion, renal vasoconstriction, hypotension, hypovolemia, hemorrhage, or inadequate cardiac output can occur. Acute pre-renal

Renal Failure is a common condition that could also be described as Acute renal failure (ARF) or Chronic renal failure(CRF), both conditions occur when there is a loss of kidney function. Kidney disease or renal failure is the ninth leading cause of death in the United States (Pradeep ,2014). Specifically, acute renal failure is characterized by the kidney’s sudden inability to filter blood, excrete wastes, concentrate urine, preserve electrolytes, and sustain fluid balance which leads to many problems in the human body. Acute renal failure alone is a frequent clinical problem, especially in the intensive care unit, where according to Clin (2004), “is associated with mortality of between 50% and 80%” (p5). As for the pathophysiology

Incidence of acute renal failure after CABG is 2% to 3%. A small percentage of patients will go on to need dialysis. Careful nursing monitoring includes kidney function (urinary output, creatinine clearance, and other kidney function tests), especially for those patients with high risk factors including preexisting renal dysfunction, decreased cardiac output, insulin-dependent diabetes, peripheral artery disease, advanced age, African race, and female gender (Diodato & Chedrawy, 2014).

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common clinical issue but the understanding of the syndrome has been re-evaluated, standardised and aprimorated in the past years. The change from acute renal failure to AKI happened due the fact the even mild change in function or structure of the kidney can cause abrupt clinical manifestations such as change in extracellular volume and electrolytes balance and inability to properly excrete nitrogenous waste products like urea. The old terminology is used now saved for cases were renal replacement therapy is been considered due to severity. The AKI diagnostic criteria is based in a 48 hour creatinin serum level rise by 0.3mg/dL or 1.5 times the patient baseline level or urine decrease to a volume less than

Instability during this period can lead to hypoperfusion resulting in poor tissue perfusion and oxygenation thus leading to infectious complications and organ dysfunction (Scheeren, Wiesenack, Gerlach, & Marx, 2013). The kidneys are particularly susceptible to hypoperfusion as a result of cardiac dysfunction, hypovolemia and systemic hypotension. Preventing these injuries are achieved by perioperative hemodynamic stabilisation (Brienza, Giglio, Marucci, & Fiore,

High blood pressure which is called hypertension is another common disease which can cause chronic renal failure. This