Kidney Patterns

Observational study design examined on the basis of exposure and health outcome. The exposure of interest is the factor that either causes, Prevents, or treats the outcome. It is important to consider whether the exposure was accurately defined and measured because exposure misclassification stems from broad definitions and inaccurate measurements. (Aschengrau & Seage, 2008). According to Munnoch et al. (2008), study conducted to investigate the S.Saintapaul infection

The average American consumes more than double the daily recommendation of sodium. These levels are above the upper limit that is considered to have no adverse effects on our bodies. The CDC lists heart disease as the most common cause of death for Americans, as well as kidney disease at number nine on the top ten causes of death. These are conditions that can be exacerbated by high sodium levels. Not only that, but high blood pressure affects nearly 1/3 of Americans and chronic kidney disease effects about 10% of the population. These are conditions in which reduced sodium in take could be very therapeutic. Especially considering that these very common medical conditions cost many billions of dollars a year to treat. Tenapanor has been developed to help meet the needs of those who need to reduce their sodium intake.

When looking at individual-based studies, one is looking at a smaller group of individuals and determining if they reach a specific outcome based on being exposed to a risk factor. With this information, an inference is made about the general population to determine if the stated exposure affects their chances on having the expected outcome that is discussed in the study. Since it is not a true representation of the population however, an investigator runs the risk of not having an accurate representation of the data in terms of the general population.

The target groups that will be affected are families. I believe this because it is shown that not only can parents influence the way a family eats, but children have the power too. Children from the intervention group went home and educated their parents on what they learned, in which resulted in overall change. I believe the time period before a health transformation can be expected is 3.5 months; the duration of this experiment. The health benefits of decreasing daily salt intake lowered blood pressure, something that is expressed in this experiment. No adverse health effects would be presented because they are lowering the intake of salt. Without a doubt, I agree with the claims presented in the experiment. With the information I have obtained from reading our textbook, it is recommended to lower your salt intake. Sodium is one of the chemical elements found in salt. A high sodium diet increases your risk of hypertension, heart disease, kidney disease, and stroke. Sodium is not only found in average table salt these days, it is also present in restaurant foods and packaged foods. Simple changes in adding salt to foods for flavor, frequently eating out, and eating at home can make a difference and influence the results shown in this

African Americans experience higher rates of chronic kidney disease (CKD) than do whites. Since the late 1970s, the incidence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) has increased at a fourfold higher rate among African-American individuals, compared with white individuals. Suggested explanations for this racial disparity include lower socioeconomic status among African Americans, higher prevalence and greater severity of diabetes mellitus and hypertension among African Americans, and increased inherited susceptibility of African Americans to kidney damage. (National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 2014)

Evaluating the association of a rare disease (Anderson Quillan Syndrome) and its multiple exposures, various study design could be utilised. Upon initial analysis, an experimental RCT would seem the most accurate and effective in temporal causal determination, but there are ethical concerns as subjects could be knowingly subjected to harmful exposures. Alternatively, cohort studies measure events in temporal sequence by incidence rates, but with limitations. Limitations include subject selection and loss to follow up biases, time (longer subjects follow up), increased resources required (larger samples, costs) and

The disease I have chosen for my case study is Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, commonly known as lupus. It is a chronic disease of idiopathic origin that causes chronic inflammation. Lupus can also affect any organ in the body, of any body system. Lupus affects 1.5 million Americans, and globally affects 5.0 million people. It is estimated that the incidence of lupus is 1 to 25,000 per 100,000 people in North America, Asia, Europe, and South America. Lupus is more likely to affect women, who make up almost 90% of cases. Female minorities are 2-3 times more likely to develop lupus in comparison to white Caucasian women. The exact morbidity and mortality rate of lupus is

Cross sectional study design has been utilized to comprehend the prevalence of diseases, treatments, services and outcomes. Cross-sectional study strengths contain surveys that are inexpensive and takes a shorter time to complete, and can provide descriptive data about the population of people involved in the study. The study can be useful for assessing risk factor prevalence rate, a means to compare groups, has the ability to study fatal diseases within a smaller population, and can study multiple exposures (Curley & Vitale, 2012).

Observational epidemiology is a study of disease where “the investigator ascertains exposure and outcome without assignment to an intervention” Observational studies have made important contributions to the knowledge and understanding of health-related conditions. These studies usually involve a large group of individuals as in a community. The purpose of this type of study is to determine the

There are many everyday substances that people take all around the world at at high levels that could eventually lead to harmful effects on their bodies such as caffeine, nicotine, and many others. The health behavior that I chose to change this quarter was to reduce the massive amount of sodium my body was taking in the last quarter and year. Last year was one of my most stressful years of my college career due to the lack of initiative and low grades that I was acquiring. Thankfully, since the start of the summer till now, I have greatly improved in my academics due to the positive increase in studying and reading habits that I have become accustomed to. However, because of the decrease of time spent at home, I began

The study randomized 341 patients into two groups, one received 10 mL NS flushes while the other received heparin (3ml, 10units/ml) flushes. A pertinent critique of the study was how the sample population was limited to one hospital setting without comparisons to other hospitals as a means to heighten its justifications on how these inconsistencies between the two flushing mechanisms exist. This being said, it neglected to show the reality that one hospital may use a protocol indicating nurses to use 10ml saline flushes yet the hospital down the road may have a protocol implicating 5ml of heparin flushes. In effect, to give a better representation of the issue being examined, it’d be more valid to conduct a provincial study with various other hospitals included to gather more pertinent data. Also, a speculated issue within the study reflected not accounting the demographical differences of its study group. The study didn’t specify the characteristics of their sample population like if males or females were used, genetic differences in cultural groups, or the age groups used as it just mentioned that it didn’t take into account individuals under 18 years of age. Data about the sample population needs to be specified in order to see if there’s an “overrepresentation or underrepresentation of some

An objective of the analysis of prospective cohort study data is to compare disease occurrence in the group to the exposure factors. Disease occurrence is measured using cumulative incidence or incidence rates, and the relationship between exposure and disease occurrence is quantified by the cumulative incidence or incidence rate difference and ratio. Calculating an incidence rate involves determining the amount of person-time accrued by each study subject. Relative risks of each of the variables that are evaluated in the study are calculated. In addition, a Cox proportional hazard models is used to analyzed the relationship between environmental and genetic factors and type 1 diabetes mellitus. Persons-years were calculated for all the individuals from the beginning of the prospective cohort study until the end of the study or end due to loss to follow-up. The reasoning for utilizing the Cox proportional hazards models is because the study has continuous and multiple covariates. Each of the factors need to be evaluate and compare in order to establish whether there is a relationship between environmental factors and the manifestation of type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is becoming a major public health problem worldwide. As per WHO Global burden of disease project, diseases of the kidney and urinary tract contribute to the global burden with approximately 850,000 deaths every year, and 115,010,107 disability adjusted life years. CKD is the 12th leading cause of death and 17th cause of disability. [1]

A cohort study (article 1) and case study (article 2) that focused on the risk factors associated with hypertension were selected to be compared and contrasted. The cohort study was the first article I was able to read and looked at the relation of several sociodemographic, behavioral, and biochemical parameters on the number of hypertensions incidence among the group of subjects from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (Ford & Cooper, 1991). The subjects were separated into four main groups being that of black males (n=231), white males (n=2,370), black females (n=523) and white females (n=3,949) with a combined subject number of 14,407 (ages 25-74 years old) with an average follow up of 10 years (Ford & Cooper, 1991). By design various subgroups of the total number of subjects completed different study components and questionnaires, which meant that not all of the information was available for each respondent. An example of this was given by the study, which stated that dietary data available was only available for 11,348 subjects, serum potassium and sodium data for only 3,059 participants, whereas serum magnesium data were available for all participants (Ford & Cooper, 1991). The study also looked at independent variables, which included age, income, education, body mass index etc. along with dietary sub-analysis and continues variables all shown in table 1 (Ford & Cooper, 1991). This study found that the predictors (body mass index and education) were

Salt is an essential ingredient of many dishes and snack foods. While numerous people use salt to add flavoring to their food, they unknowingly add an increased risk to themselves for cardiovascular disease and hypertension. In fact, 50 million people within the United States. suffer from hypertension (Vollmer, Sacks, Svetkey, 2001). When too much salt is consumed, the capacity of blood within the body increases which sends signals to kidneys. As a result, the kidneys try and excrete as much of the salt as possible. The influence of the increased blood volume as well as the over-working of the kidneys cause elevated blood pressure to compensate for the attempts of the body to decrease salt levels (Salt and your health, Part I: The sodium connection). Chronic hypertension elicits many damaging effects on the body. Some of these negative impacts include impairment to the cells as well as linings of the arteries that can initiate the onset of atherosclerosis, increased risk of aneurysm, stroke, cardiovascular disease, transient ischemic attack, and many other physiological issues that could potentially be life threatening (Clinic Staff).