Kidney Stone Lab Report

2. Using the test results from each of the urine samples, along with the Table 3, diagnosis the condition(s), if any, that each of the sample patients is experiencing. The first patient, sample A, is normal for very except there was a small appearance of yeast. This may mean a small yeast infection is present or developing.

((In the morning at 7:30 am, my groups and I went to the dialysis support center at MCV to meet Dr. Miller in order to explain what is dialysis. He started to explain what is the function of the kidney)). (( if you could make it butter description ))

Blood pressure variability (BPV) predicts cardiovascular mortality in general population and patients with kidney disease.

The cause is unknown. However, there is an increased incidence in males. There are four types of stones; calcium (oxalate of phosphate), struvite, uric acid and cystine. The most common type (70-80%) is calcium stone. These stones are usually caused by an increased concentration of calcium in the blood. The causes and treatment for stones vary depending on what type of stone it is. Factors such as; high serum and urine level of stone components, urinary tract infection and the ph of the urine and dehydration all contribute to the formation of a stone. The main cause struvite stone is UTI, due to a certain enzyme that some bacteria secrete. Formation of the stone requires that the urine be supersaturated. If there is a higher concentration two ion in the urine they are more likely to precipitate. The formation of a stone usually begins with small clusters of crystals. Most crystals will pass because the force holding them together is not strong enough. Larger ion clusters however, form nuclei and become strong enough to stay together and overcome the tendency of ions to move apart. Once stable, the stone will continue to grow. The stone can become logged anywhere in the urinary tract if it is greater than 5mm, if the stone is less than or equal to 5mm the stone will usually pass on its own. Mr. J.S. has a few contributing factors to the formation of his stone. According to the book, Pathophysiology, “Obstructive

Renal lab Introduction Every single organism in the world, such as humans needs water to live. Everyone has a different amount of water intake. Changes to the water intake can results in major catastrophic damages to the body if not addressed soon. All the water in the body gets filtered at the kidneys, only taking the important stuff it needs. Kidneys in the body filter the blood to remove any unwanted substances and produce urine to excrete them.

Nephrolithiasis, otherwise known as kidney stones, is a painful condition in which various types of mineral deposits form inside the kidney. Typically not fatal, or even physically damaging in the short term, if left untreated for long periods of time kidney stones can lead to renal damage or even failure. There are several different types of kidney stones ranging in size from a grain of sand to as large as a golf ball. The most common type of kidney stones are calcium stones. Struvite stones are the fastes growing and usually come into formation due to an infection of some kind in the urinary system. Uric acid stones are typically causes as a

The urine experiment was performed by experimental group, who have to drink 1000cc beverages and control group who did not drink anything. The control group be separate to drink water, Gatorade, Lemonade and Tea. Water is comprised of two parts hydrogen and one part oxygen, giving it the chemical formula H2O. The amount of water in the human body ranges from 50-75%. Gatorade has carbohydrate and sugars for 15g, zero for fat, sodium and protein.

Computed tomography (CT) as the most frequently used imaging method in identifying pre-PCNL stones, plays a very important role in preoperative evaluations in terms of characterization of stones, renal caliceal anatomy and the identification of anatomic proximity. In addition, it is possible to carry out systematic and quantitative evaluations with the help of Guy's stone scoring system that is acquired based on preoperative CT findings (Thomas et al,

Today, there are many urinary disorders, but the most common one is renal calculi, also know known as kidney stones Kidney stones can be one of the most painful experiences you can have. Each year, at least three million people visit their doctor asking about the stones, and more then half a million go to the hospital. If they aren’t treated, they can lead to infections, kidney damage, or death. There are four different kinds of kidney stones, ones containing calcium being the most common. Currently, there are multiple ways of treating this disorder, some of which aren’t very comfortable. But you can avoid this by maintaining a healthy diet and drinking plenty of water

Haller, C. A., Jacob, P., & Benowitz, N. L. (2002). Pharmacology of ephedra alkaloids and

     Kidney stones are hard, crystalline deposits in the kidney. They are usually hexagonal, eighty percent of which are made of calcium. These calcium stones are two to three times more common in men, and are most likely to reoccur. The calcium oxalate versions most likely result from eating specific food. One percent of stones are cystine stones, which have to do with

Kidney stones are a big problem and seem to be on the rise. Statistics report that out of every 100 men, around 13 will get kidney stones in their lifetime and 7 out of every 100 women will. It is estimated that one in ten people will have a kidney stone at some time in their lives. Since kidney function is essential for survival, we all have them (or at least one) and therefore are at risk for kidney stones. It is important of people that struggle with kidney stones to try and figure out what is causing them in order to take the proper steps to treat or prevent them. It is amazing how something so small can cause such a big problem.

Kidney stones are a very common condition where your urine contains crystal-forming substances such as calcium, oxalate, and urine acid. When your urine contains more crystals than the fluid your urine can dilute. Your urine may lack substances that prevent crystals from sticking together. This creates a perfect environment for kidney stones to form. Kidney stones often have no definitive cause, although several factors may increase your risk. There are also many types of kidney stones. Knowing they types of stones may help determine the cause of the kidney stones. Most common kidney stones are calcium stones. These stones usually form due to calcium oxalate. Oxalate is usually found in food. Chocolate, fruit, vegetables, and nuts usually contains a high level of oxalate. Another type of kidney stones are known as struvite stones. Struvite stones form due to infection, for example a urinary tract infection. Struvite stones can grow quickly, and become very large. Uric acid stones usually form in people who drink too little or too much liquids, people with a high protein diet, or people who suffer from gout.

Creatinine, a breakdown product of creatine phosphate, is a waste product excreted through urine. Since, depending on muscle mass, age, sex, diet and exercise, creatinine is produced at a fairly constant rate by the body, hence, its measurement is commonly used to assess the GFR (1). Various methods often employed for the estimation of creatinine are: Jaffe’s method, Enzymatic method, High performance liquid chromatography, Gas-chromatography with mass spectrometry and Isotope-dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) (2,3). Although the IDMS method is considered to be the gold standard for creatinine estimation, however because of its cost and cumbersome nature, it cannot be routinely used in Clinical Biochemistry labs (4). Due to its simplicity and

The previous table presents the results my laboratory group and I recorder from the blood analysis. For sample 1, the synthetic blood only agglutination was observed when exposed to antibodies A. For sample 2, the synthetic blood agglutination was observed when exposed to antibodies A and Rh factor. For sample 3, the synthetic blood agglutination was observed only when exposed to Rh antibodies.