Kidney Stone Research Paper

Mr. Sánchez diagnostic is Nephrolithiasis which is another name for kidney stones also called renal calculi. Renal calculi are like little pieces of stones almost the size of the grain of sand that stuck in the ureters that formed in the kidneys. During urination, the patient will experience severe pain from passing out stones through the ureter. Kidney stones occur from a buildup of certain substances as well as minerals found in the urine such as calcium phosphate and uric acid. According to Livestrong, calcium phosphate known as hydroxyapatite is the primary mineral your body uses to build and strengthen bones and teeth. According to Wikipedia, uric acid is a product of the metabolic breakdown of purine nucleotides, and it is a normal component of urine. When the blood is concentrated in a high level of uric acid this can lead to gout that associated with other medical complications such as diabetes and the development of ammonium acid urate calculi. These minerals along with other substances travel through the bloodstream forming solid masses called stones.

     Luckily, after the excruciating occurrence, the stone usually doesn’t damage anything. Sometimes there comes a situation where the kidney stone either becomes too big or for some reason gets wedged in the urinary tract and the pain worsens. Also, the urine begins to get backed up, and the bladder and urinary tract begins to get infected. Thus, an operation must be performed. Originally, they were removed, either by slicing the bladder or kidney open, or by shoving an instrument up the ureter. Fortunately, through the miracles of technology, one does not necessarily have to go through this “invasive” treatment. Instead, there is a treatment that uses shockwaves to slice up the stone. This is called kidney stone lithotripsy. A large machine uses sound waves to break up the stone into small fragments that can be more easily passed through.

If you feel stones, gall bladder pain you do not leave these stones, so doctors recommend operation in the state. Normal gallbladder size up to 4 inches in the body, the gallbladder stores fat, cholesterol.

Severe pain is caused by kidney stones. However, it could take a long time for that pain to show up or there may be no pain at all depending on the location and size of the stone. If small stones are n the kidney there not be any pain and be passed in urine without even noticing it. Symptoms may not appear until the stones moved down into the ureters. When this happens, the stones can block the flow of urine out of the kidneys. Other symptoms can include fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, blood in the urine or abnormal/dark urine color.

Renal Calculi is a kidney stone. They are solid masses made up of crystals that form in the kidneys and are a common cause of abdominal, flank or groin pain and are a common cause of blood in the urine. Normally they originate in the kidneys but have been found to develop anywhere in the urinary tract. Renal Calculi can be made up of different types of crystals such as calcium, cystine, struvite and uric acid. Calcium stones are the most common and Cystine stones are rare. While Uric Acid stones are more common in men than women, Struvite are more common in women (Healthline.com, 2016).

In the article "New recommendations to prevent recurrent kidney stones" states that in a higher percentage of men than women had suffered in their entire life of kidney stones. This is caused because they don't have the correct food habits. People who consume big amounts of soft drinks like cola and chocolates, nuts, tea, and some other food might have the probability of having this kind of sickness. To avoid of suffering a recurrence of the disease is to use a medical therapy for example taking allopurinol and drink at least two litters of water to generate more urine in a day. Otherwise the probabilities of having a recurrence increase from 35 to 50 percent.

Surgical removal of a kidney – In the case of kidney cancer, kidney injury or kidney disease, a person may need to have one of their kidneys removed. When this surgery is performed, both the kidney and the ureter (the tube that connects the kidney to the bladder) are removed.

A three year old male was admitted to urology (the medical department that treats, diagnoses, and manages, diseases and abnormalities in the male reproductive system) due to anuria (being unable to urinate or produce liquid waste) with a possible (BNO) bladder neck obstruction (a plug at the base of the bladder that will not allow urine to move into the urethra). The patient’s parents explained he has recently been suffering from dysuria (painful or difficulty urinating, often describe a burning feeling) as well as occasional enuresis (producing, or leaking urine involuntarily), urgency (the feeling of needing to release urine immediately), and hematuria (the presence of blood in the urine). Upon birth the patient was diagnosed with (PKD) polycystic kidney disease (a disease passed from the parents characterized by the formation of cysts in the kidneys). I have also noted he is experiencing moderate nephralgia (kidney pain), and an additional case of hydronephrosis (abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis and the calyces of one or both kidneys due to pressure from accumulated urine that cannot flow past an obstruction in the urinary tract) (Gylys, 2013),

The study analyzed 5,971 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database from 2007 to 2010 for patients who have a history of kidney stones. Chronic kidney disease was noted among the participants who have an estimated glomerular filtration rate of less than 60 ml/minute/1.73 m2, and/or an albumin-to-creatinine ratio that is greater than 30 mg/ml. According to the analysis and data incurred from the study, history of kidney stones plays a big factor in recurring or chronic kidney disease, and treatment with dialysis. The study concluded that kidney stone history is linked with increased chances of getting chronic kidney disease, leading to the need for dialysis in women with no regard to comorbid conditions. Although large scale future studies are needed to further evaluate the connection between chronic kidney disease and nephrolithiasis, future prospective investigations expounding the relationship between these two conditions may further advocate that health care resources may be appropriately directed to the primary prevention of nephrolithiasis that could lead to reduced morbidity and costs related to chronic kidney

Since the occurrence and progression of various human pathological conditions have been proposed to have an involvement of uric acid (UA), a number of researchers have therefore attempted to elucidate the potential roles of UA underlying the pathogenesis of UA-related diseases (1, 2). Among these, UA is well-documented in kidney stone diseases since it serves as not only a main crystalline composition of pure UA but also a principal risk factor for hyperuricosuric calcium oxalate (CaOx) kidney stone disease (3, 4). These two kidney stones account for a significant percentage of stone-forming patients and have an increasing prevalence worldwide over the past few decades. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms underlying UA-related kidney stone diseases are still not well understood.

Renal biopsy an invasive procedure in which a sample of renal tissue is obtained(1) . Microscopic examination of the biopsied tissue can provide information needed to diagnose, monitor and/or treat renal disorder. The introduction of renal biopsy in clinical practice has represented one of the most important advances in the field of clinical nephrology. Renal biopsy has contributed greatly to l classification of intrinsic renal diseases and, therefore, to a better knowledge of the pathogenesis involved. In spite of the flood of new and less invasive tests, renal biopsy is still an irreplaceable tool in assessing diagnosis and prognosis and guiding, the treatment of many renal diseases. It is being more frequently used, especially with the advancement

A small soft tube may be placed inside the ureter to ensure the free flow of urine while the edema goes down. The stent may remain in place for a few days, and may cause mild discomfort in the area of the kidney or bladder. Its removal may require a cystoscopy.

A urinary calculus, commonly known as kidney stone, is a solid mineral like crystalline material that accumulates in the urinary tract when one or more calculogenic (crystal-forming) substances separate from the supersaturated urine. Urinary calculi result from the growth of crystals into a larger lump of aggregates or stones, these are compounds made up of salts, minerals, and other things found in urine and usually develop in the kidneys and can form anywhere in urinary tract (Kok D.J., 2002).

Some may form stone due to higher calcium levels or more uric acid in bloods. You will suffer to pass the urine as the stone size increases.

Complete stone retrieval without fragmentation was achieved in 83.3% in group I and 82.2% in group II. Stone migrated proximally in 4 patients in group I and only 2 patients in group II in whom procedure ended by ureteral stenting. Mucosal injury was observed in 3 patients and 4 in groups I and II respectively. Thirty seven patients from group I reported that they were satisfied by the procedure and its outcome compared to 78 patients in group II.