Kidney Stones Research Paper

     Kidney stones are hard, crystalline deposits in the kidney. They are usually hexagonal, eighty percent of which are made of calcium. These calcium stones are two to three times more common in men, and are most likely to reoccur. The calcium oxalate versions most likely result from eating specific food. One percent of stones are cystine stones, which have to do with

in too much phosphorus compared to the amount of calcium they are taking in, it can lead to

Men are more likely to have kidney stones, because their urinary tract is larger than women's. Men are more prone to kidney stones their weight and size. Kidney stones are caused by low fluid intake, hot environments, high salt and protein intake, depending on your body kidney stones are able to develop due to lack of support from your body. As being the medical assistant I would be sure to make sure they are drinking plenty of water and are getting plenty of rest. I would also tell my patient to eat healthy fruit as is, without adding sugar or salt.

Hyperparathyroidism results in an increased tendency to develop renal calculi due to the elevated serum calcium and metastatic calcifications of soft tissues including blood vessels is also common. Patients will also commonly develop duodenal ulcers and may have a change in mental status resulting in lethargy, weakness, and confusion.

Md", 2016).. An example of consuming too much protein, as in animal protein, it could cause

Urinary stones, as known as Nephrolithiasis, a common disease that affects 1 in 10 Australians. The most of stones pass spontaneously, but some conditions, particularly ongoing pain, renal impairment and infection, mandate intervention (Macneil & Bariol, 2011). The formation of urinary stone is the calcium and uric get stuck together in the urine and becomes hard crystals. It can be small as the grain of sand or large as a golf ball (Health line, N.D). Patient whom has urinary stone will feel ongoing pain that as known as renal colic, when those stones become big enough. Renal colic is a pain caused by urinary tract stone blockage, it can be anywhere in the urinary tract that including the area from kidneys to the ureters, urinary bladder and urethra.

There are several reasons why a patient may develop ureteric calculi. These may be as a result of diet, chronic urinary tract infections (UTIs) and irregularities in anatomy, physiology or metabolism. In addition to these, certain drugs and/ or their metabolites may also give rise to ureteric stones. The most important environmental factor, however, is believed to be reduced fluid intake. Ordinarily, this will lead to decreased urinary output and a corresponding urinary increase in the solutes responsible for forming ureteric calculi. In further ureteric stone-related variations, there are differences noted between sex, age, race and

, diets that are low in calcium can raise urine oxalate levels. This is because proper calcium levels can inhibit intestinal oxalate absorption.

Why are men more prone to having kidney stones? I would have to say that they are more prone to having them because of the diet they are eating and working with. Men like to drink Mtn. Dew and that can cause kidney stones and that is a big kicker for it. Men have more muscle mass and can also cause them. With being out in the medical field when my pt has a kidney stone I can educate them on them and get them the help that they need.

Metabolism is a process in which chemicals and enzymes break down food in the digestive system to make energy. The food is converted into simple sugars, energy and amino acids with the help of the mitochondria. A body can use this energy right away or it can store the energy in tissues such as liver, muscles, and body fats. A metabolic disorder happens when something goes wrong with the metabolic process because of abnormal chemical reactions. The metabolic disorder causes some substances to be produced either too much or too little, resulting in unhealthy digestive conditions. Metabolic disorders can affect the breakdown of carbohydrates, lipids, or amino acids. Metabolic disorders can also happen if an enzyme or vitamin required to carry out a chemical reaction goes missing. One of the rarest, inherited metabolic disorders is Alkaptonuria. Alkaptonuria occurs when there is a build up of homogentisic acid (HGA) that causes the urine to turn black when exposed to air. The buildup of HGA gets deposited throughout the body and usually attaches to connective tissues and cartilages

Inborn Errors of Metabolism are group of rare disorders characterized by metabolic pathways abnormalities leading to underproduction of necessary metabolites. One such disorder is Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD) otherwise known as Branched-chain Ketoaciduria, a dangerous condition in which over saturation of amino acids in the blood can lead to toxicity progressing to encephalopathy, neurodegeneration, coma or respiratory failure.

As a result of renal failure there is an accumulation of urea in the blood leading called Uremia. If there are other nitrogenous waste products in the blood it is called azothemia. Azotemia is a condition wherein an excess of nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acids are found in the blood. Ureamia and azotemia may produce inflammation of the pericardium of the heart, pleuritis, or pnuemonitis. As blood flows through your entire body the poisons that your kidneys are unable to excrete

There is a pair of kidneys in the human body. They are situated towards the back of the body under the ribs, just at the level of the waist where one on either side of the body. Each kidney is composed of about one million units which are called nephrons and each nephron consists of two parts: a filter which is called the glomerulus and a tubule leading out from the nephron (Cameron 1999). According to Marshall and Bangert (2008) the kidneys have three major functions. Firstly, the kidneys are excretion of waste from plasma in the blood. The second function is that, they maintain of extracellular fluid volume and composition. Lastly, the kidneys have a role in hormone synthesis.

Kidneys are located behind the peritoneum on the posterior abdominal wall, on the left and right side of your spine, just below your rib cage. They are bean-shaped structures and are about the size of a fist. Each kidney consists of millions of nephrons, working unit of the kidney. One group of nephrons are known as the renal corpuscle. It contains Bowman’s capsules that are surrounded by capillaries called glomerulus, which aids in the filtration process of the kidneys (VanMeter, Hubert, & Gould, 2014, 491). It is the kidney’s responsibility for the removal of waste products and excess fluid, it produces urine. With this important responsibility, sometimes patients are predisposed to other ailments that cause the kidneys to malfunction. This leads to a process called kidney disease. “Kidney disease is the inability of the kidney to maintain normal function, so that waste products and metabolites accumulate in the blood” ( Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary,2012). According to the Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (2015), kidney disease occurs when the loss of nephron and reduction of renal mass reaches a certain point, the remaining nephrons creates a process of irreversible sclerosis (para. 7). Since kidney disease alters the filtration process of normal functioning kidneys, we can expect to see a reduction in the amount of filtration that occurs. As kidney disease progress, there will be a higher percentage of uremia within the body. Uremia is

Similarly, cholesteryl storage disease involves the same types of fats being stored in the blood and lymph. These 2 conditions are called acid lipase deficiencies. In contrast, non-essential lipids are fats that the body can synthesize when required. While animal-based foods provide saturated fatty acids, plant-based foods provide polyunsaturated fatty acids. However, excessive consumption of these sources results in diseases such as Gaucher disease, Krabbe disease, and metachromatic leukodystrophy. In both Gaucher and Krabbe disease, the body cannot produce adequate amounts of certain enzymes to digest large amounts of fatty acids quickly enough. Therefore, fat products remain undigested and can collect in major vital organs such as the liver, kidneys, lungs, brain, and bone marrow (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke). These prohibit the growth of important organs and stunts the body’s homeostatic functions. Metachromatic leukodystrophy focuses more on fat building up in the central nervous system of the body and impairing nerve functions throughout the body.