Kidney Transplantation

Since the first successful kidney transplant in 1954, the procedure has evolved from a risky experimental procedure to a relatively safe and standard procedure. Since then, doctors have been consistently raising the bar and have had success with numerous organ transplants, including hearts, lungs, livers, skin and even full facial transplants. Organs can be donated from the obvious, a deceased person, or from a cadaveric donor (someone who is declared brain dead) or from live donors. The transplantable organs from a live donor include the kidney, part of the lung and liver, and part of the eye, the cornea. The donor organs

However, there are side effects when taking this medication, such as: inflamed gums, acne, diarrhoea, increase in weight and abdominal pain. But this can be prevented by the doctor finding the best dosage to compact these side effects. Yet, there are other long term risks that arise from having a kidney transplant. Diabetes is one of them for the reason that people Feel a lot better and decide to eat more, causing a substantial increase in weight. Even certain kinds of immune-suppressants can develop the chance of diabetes. Another long term risk is high blood pressure because a lot of people who need this transplant already have an increased risk of obtaining high blood pressure and it does not help when taking immune-suppressants as it can make it worse. The other long term risk is cancer because the enduring use of immune-suppressants can increase different types of this condition, for example lymphoma (tumour in lymph node), skin cancer and “Kaposi’s sarcoma – a type of cancer that can affect both skin and internal organs” as mentioned by (NHS, 2014).

The human body is amazing in the fact that our organs are specialized. Each performs a specific role in order to increase efficiency within the body. Our specialized organs give us the ability to function and live. If just one out of our 78 organ is no longer able to perform its necessary action, something else needs to do it in place of the organ - usually a machine. Quality of life when hooked up to a machine performing crucial functions can be poor, and this is where organ transplants can help greatly. The organs of just one person can save up to eight lives and improve the lives of over 60. Major organs such as the heart and liver are essential to live. Therefore, when they are transplanted into patients, it is often a life-saving procedure that gives the recipient a second chance at life. Other organs such as

According to the Organ Donation and Transplantation Statistics, every month there are more than 3,000 patients that are being added to the kidney transplant list.

The demand for an organ transplant continues to grow and when an organ becomes available there are multiple precautions to take to make sure the body does not reject the organ. The certain anti-rejection (immunosuppressant) medication that needs to be taken before a transplant to decrease the body’s immune response from attacking a foreign object (the transplant organ). The medication also lowers the immune system. Therefore, the immune system does not cause the body to reject the organ. Statists have shown, that up twenty percent of patients that get an organ transplant, experience one out of the three organ rejections.

“Every twelve minutes another name is added to the national organ transplant waiting list” (Donate life America, 2009) (para. 1&2). The National Center for Health Statistics (2008) website states “652,051 people die every year of heart disease, 75,119 die of diabetes, 43,901 die of nephritis, nephritic syndrome, and nephrosis [kidney disease].”

Coronary artery bypass graft surgery improves the supply of blood to the heart by creating an alternative path to the heart through a healthy artery and by bypassing the clogged artery. The mortality rates have increased over a period of time. However, the mortality rate is not the only decisive factor to bar the hospital from performing this surgery. It depends on several other factors which are described. It I important to know firstly that how much amount of blood is reaching to a subjects heart which implies how urgent is the surgery and what is the stage of the disease. It is possible that in a very advances stage of disease it may not be possible to save the patient. Also even though the surgery is successful but the patient body doesn’t recover or respond to the surgery as a result of age and thus lead to death. Also the previous history of such bypass surgeries and heart attacks would be considered for the population. Number of co-morbidities (like kidney failure) and the prevalence of lung disease which can affect the success of a coronary artery bypass graft surgery. It is also important to consider if there were several readmissions in the hospitals as this would help to know if there were any serious side effects to a patient or if there was any wrong process conducted while doing a surgery. Thus in order to bar a hospital from performing the Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery, it is important the above mentioned factors like stage of disease, advance in

purpose is to provide background information about the study on those individuals who had a heart transplant.

The first organ transplant was a kidney in 1954 and was between identical twins. As of May 2009, the percent of recipients still living after 5 years of receiving their new organs is astonishing: “95% for kidney, 85% for heart and liver, 75% for lungs” (BCW). “The high success rates of transplantation make the shortage of organs and tissues all the more tragic” (BloodCenter).

The new heart may be rejected by your body 's immune system. Rejection is your body 's normal reaction to a foreign object or tissue. When you get a new heart, your immune system reacts to what it sees as a foreign threat and attacks the new organ. To allow the transplanted organ to survive in a new body, you will need to take medicines. The medicines will trick the immune system into accepting the transplant and keep it from attacking it.

In my whole life I have had a lot of health problems, my Kidney Transplant is has been the biggest health problem in my life. In my opinion a Kidney Transplant is a painful and major

Heart transplantation is used as a treatment for end stage heart disease in adults and children with congenital cardiac defects. [2] According to United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) 2014-2015 data, heart is consistently the 3rd most transplanted organ after Kidney and Liver in United States.[4] Nearly 1/4th of heart transplant patients show some signs of rejection in first year [6] and slightly more than 2% of heart transplant cases need re-transplants every year. Moreover, the prognosis depends on the time between the initial transplant and re-transplantation, suggesting lower survival with shorter intervals. [7]

Three patients recovered without modification of the protocol, while two patients failed to recover. Two patients recovered after the addition of thymoglobulin and plasma exchange, and one of them required additional steroid therapy 103. Each of these protocols is currently being modified in order to achieve improved results. This study confirmed the safety of the approach and although this protocol found limited success, it underscores the motivation to identify a better line of treatment for kidney transplant recipients.

Mild symptoms such as fatigue or shortness of breath are often noticed in patients.1 In as much as this persist, induction and maintenance therapies must be applied to prevent acute cellular rejection in pediatric heart transplant. Prophylactic immunosuppression must be used at the time of transplantation to minimize any early rejection. And maintenance therapy may be started at the time of transplant without the induction therapy.1, 2 Based on recent reports, acute cellular rejection does occur in patients within the first 6months who substantially were rejected early after transplantation, are likely to reduce in immunosuppression, exposed to inter-current infection, or noncompliance with medication.1

may suffer from viral infection.21 They could get the virus from the transplant of the donors' kidney